Subatomic particles in atoms

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Main Subatomic Particles in Atoms: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Atoms are made up of three main subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus at the center of the atom, while electrons move around the nucleus in different energy levels or orbitals. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge. The number and arrangement of these particles determine the properties of each atom and element 346.

Structure and Behavior of Subatomic Particles in Atoms

Protons and neutrons are not elementary particles; they are made up of even smaller particles called quarks. Protons and neutrons each contain up and down quarks, which are held together by strong forces. Electrons, on the other hand, are considered elementary particles and are not made up of smaller components. The behavior and interactions of these subatomic particles are described by quantum mechanics, which explains phenomena like electron orbitals and energy levels 13.

Simulating Subatomic Particles and Atomic Stability

Modern simulations use methods like molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo algorithms to model how subatomic particles interact within atoms. These simulations help scientists understand how protons and neutrons in the nucleus affect the movement and energy of electrons, which in turn influences atomic properties such as size and stability. The wave-like nature of electrons is also considered in these models, providing a more complete picture of atomic structure 27.

Additional Theoretical and Hypothetical Subatomic Particles

Some theories propose the existence of additional subatomic particles within atoms. For example, the concept of "Micra" particles suggests there may be chargeless particles in the nucleus that act as an energy source for the atom, though this idea is not widely accepted in mainstream physics . Other research discusses entities like "fabriton" particles, which are theorized to fill the space within atoms and contribute to gravitational and electromagnetic effects, but these remain speculative .

Educational Approaches to Teaching Subatomic Particles

Teaching about subatomic particles using inquiry-based methods has been shown to improve students' understanding and academic achievement. Focusing on the main subatomic particles—protons, neutrons, and electrons—helps students grasp the fundamental structure of atoms and the basis of chemical behavior .

Conclusion

Atoms are composed of three main subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons form the nucleus, while electrons orbit around it. The discovery and understanding of these particles have evolved over time, with modern physics revealing even smaller components like quarks inside protons and neutrons. Simulations and educational research continue to deepen our understanding of how these particles interact and define the properties of matter. While some theories suggest the existence of additional subatomic particles, the standard model of protons, neutrons, and electrons remains the foundation of atomic science 12345679.

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Most relevant research papers on this topic

Evolutionary Theory About Subatomic Particles in Atomic Nucleus Named as "Micra Particles"

"Micra" particles are the "Energy House" or "Power House" of an atom, and their presence in the nucleus of an atom suggests a new evolutionary theory for subatomic particles.

2015·

0citations

·D. J. Patil

Subatomic Particle Simulations using Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics Algorithms to Simulate Stable Atom and Model Electronic Structures

Subatomic particle simulations using molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo methods can simulate stable atoms and model electronic structures, providing insights into atomic properties and electron trajectories.

2025·

0citations

·Shanmuga Sundaram Venkatesan

The Discovery of the Subatomic Particles : From Atoms to Quarks

The discovery of subatomic particles, from atoms to quarks, was inevitable and set by the structure of the universe, with outer particles like electrons being discovered earlier and inner particles like quarks being discovered later.

2021·

0citations

·Rochelle Forrester

Electrons in Atoms and Molecules

Electrons and nuclei are the two main types of subatomic particles in matter, and their behavior can be explained in terms of their behavior in atoms and molecules.

1977·

5citations

·J. Goodisman

An Inquiry-Based Instruction on the Main Subatomic Particles: Enhancing High-School Students’ Achievement and Motivation

Inquiry-based 5E instruction significantly improves academic achievement in chemistry compared to traditional instruction, but does not significantly impact student motivation.

2022·

3citations

·Nursen Azizoğlu et al.

Gases and Spectra

The three principal subatomic particles in spectroscopy are the proton, neutron, and electron, with their mass and electric charge being crucial for understanding the formation of spectra.

2002·

0citations

·Stephen F. Tonkin

The Physics of Subatomic Particles and their Behavior Modeled with Classical Laws

Classical mechanics models subatomic particles and their behavior, resulting in equal calculations for Planck energy, electron's energy, and energy levels of hydrogen and helium atoms.

Preprint

2020·

1citation

·J. Yee et al.

On the Nuclear Coupling of Proton and Electron

The study suggests a new theoretical approach to study atomic, sub atomic, and nuclear systems, involving an inerton cloud of an atom from the environment, which strongly couples electron and proton in a new stable entity called subhydrogen.

2016·

4citations

·V. Krasnoholovets et al.

Mass and Radius of a Fabriton Particle

The mass and radius of a fabriton particle have been determined, confirming their precise filling of atoms and their role in gravitational tunnel waves and quantum entanglement.

2025·

0citations

·Sabir Sadiq

Unified Field Theory

This paper presents a relativistic mathematical model for basic subatomic particles, revealing that protons in atomic nuclei coexist, gravitation is generated, and heavy nuclei radiate, with the photon introduced as a sequence of BSPs.

2012·

0citations

·Osvaldo Domann

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