Supplements to lower cholesterol
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Supplements to Lower Cholesterol: A Comprehensive Review
Introduction to Cholesterol-Lowering Supplements
Cholesterol management is crucial for reducing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). While statins are commonly prescribed, many individuals seek alternative or complementary options through dietary supplements. This article reviews the efficacy of various supplements in lowering cholesterol levels, based on recent research findings.
Plant Sterols and Stanols: Effective LDL Cholesterol Reducers
Mechanism and Efficacy
Plant sterols and stanols are well-documented for their ability to lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. These compounds work by inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol in the intestines. Studies have shown that both unesterified and esterified forms of plant sterols and stanols can significantly reduce LDL cholesterol levels. For instance, a study demonstrated that unesterified sterols and stanols lowered LDL cholesterol by 11.3% to 16.0% compared to a control group . Another meta-analysis confirmed that plant sterol/stanol supplements decreased LDL cholesterol by 12 mg/dL (0.31 mmol/L) .
Dietary Integration
The effectiveness of plant sterols and stanols is not limited to food-based forms. Supplements in capsule or tablet formats have shown similar efficacy in lowering LDL cholesterol . Additionally, adherence to a Mediterranean diet can enhance the cholesterol-lowering effects of plant sterol supplements .
Antioxidant Vitamins: Mixed Results
Vitamin C
Vitamin C supplementation has been found to lower serum LDL cholesterol and triglycerides significantly. A meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials revealed that a daily intake of at least 500 mg of vitamin C for a minimum of four weeks resulted in a reduction of LDL cholesterol by 7.9 mg/dL and triglycerides by 20.1 mg/dL . However, the effect on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was not significant.
Combined Antioxidant Vitamins
A large-scale study investigated the combined effects of vitamins E, C, and beta-carotene on cholesterol levels. While the study primarily focused on the safety and compliance of the treatment, it indicated that antioxidant vitamin supplementation could be beneficial for high-risk patients .
Red Yeast Rice: A Traditional Approach
Red yeast rice, a traditional Chinese supplement, has shown promising results in lowering cholesterol levels. In a controlled trial, participants who consumed red yeast rice experienced significant reductions in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol compared to a placebo group . This supplement offers a natural alternative for those seeking to manage their cholesterol without prescription medications.
Naringin: A Potent Lipid-Lowering Agent
Naringin, a flavonoid found in citrus fruits, has demonstrated a potent lipid-lowering effect. In a study involving hypercholesterolemic subjects, naringin supplementation resulted in a 14% reduction in total cholesterol and a 17% reduction in LDL cholesterol . Additionally, naringin enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, suggesting a dual benefit in lipid management and oxidative stress reduction.
Capsaicinoids: Novel Cholesterol-Lowering Agents
Capsaicinoids, the active compounds in chili peppers, have been studied for their cholesterol-lowering properties. A meta-analysis of controlled human trials found that capsaicinoid supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels . These findings support the potential of capsaicinoids as a novel dietary intervention for cholesterol management.
Conclusion
Various dietary supplements, including plant sterols and stanols, antioxidant vitamins, red yeast rice, naringin, and capsaicinoids, have shown efficacy in lowering cholesterol levels. These supplements offer alternative or complementary options for individuals seeking to manage their cholesterol through non-prescription means. However, it is essential to consider individual health conditions and consult healthcare professionals before starting any supplementation regimen.
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