Symptoms of thiamine deficiency
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Symptoms of Thiamine Deficiency
Neurological Symptoms of Thiamine Deficiency
Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency can lead to a range of neurological symptoms due to its critical role in brain metabolism and mitochondrial ATP production. Early neurological symptoms include confusion, reduced memory, and sleep disturbances . As the deficiency progresses, more severe symptoms such as encephalopathy, ataxia, and muscle atrophy can develop . Wernicke's encephalopathy, characterized by ocular motility disorders (nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia), ataxia, and mental changes (confusion, drowsiness, and coma), is a severe manifestation of prolonged thiamine deficiency . Additionally, horizontal gaze-evoked nystagmus is noted as an early neurological sign .
Psychiatric Symptoms of Thiamine Deficiency
Psychiatric symptoms associated with thiamine deficiency include emotional disturbances and psychosis. Patients may experience panic attacks, as seen in a case involving a woman with a history of bipolar disorder and frequent vomiting . In more advanced stages, thiamine deficiency can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, which includes symptoms such as confabulation and memory loss .
Cardiovascular Symptoms of Thiamine Deficiency
Thiamine deficiency can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to conditions such as congestive heart failure and peripheral edema, commonly referred to as "wet beriberi" 35. Cardiac failure with resultant dependent edema is a hallmark of this condition, and rapid resolution of edema has been observed with thiamine administration .
Gastrointestinal Symptoms of Thiamine Deficiency
Gastrointestinal symptoms of thiamine deficiency include loss of appetite, vomiting, weight loss, and abdominal pain . Severe cases can present as "gastrointestinal beriberi," which mimics mesenteric vascular occlusion and intestinal ischemia, often accompanied by unexplained lactic acidosis .
Musculoskeletal Symptoms of Thiamine Deficiency
Musculoskeletal symptoms include muscle atrophy and decreased limb muscle strength 19. These symptoms are part of the broader spectrum of thiamine deficiency disorders (TDDs) that affect multiple body systems .
Conclusion
Thiamine deficiency presents a broad spectrum of symptoms affecting neurological, psychiatric, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to prevent permanent damage and improve patient outcomes. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for thiamine deficiency, especially in at-risk populations, to ensure timely diagnosis and intervention.
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