Temperature of jupiter surface
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Temperature of Jupiter's Surface
Effective Temperature of Jupiter
The effective temperature of Jupiter, as measured by the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft, is approximately 125 ± 3 K. This measurement is derived from infrared radiometer data collected over a wide range of emission angles, indicating a significant thermal emission from the planet . The ratio of Jupiter's thermal emission to the solar energy it absorbs is about 1.9 ± 0.2, which aligns closely with earth-based estimates .
Temperature Profiles in Different Atmospheric Layers
Low Latitude Regions
In the low latitude regions of Jupiter, temperature profiles have been determined for the 1.0-0.1 bar pressure regime. Near the 0.1 bar level, temperatures range from 108 to 117 K, depending on the assumed thermal structure above this layer . At the 1.0 bar level, the temperature in the South Equatorial Belt (SEB) is around 170 K, while in the South Tropical Zone (STrZ), it is approximately 155 K, assuming pure gaseous absorption . The presence of an optically opaque cloud near the 0.6 atm level (145 K) in the STrZ can alter this temperature, making it closer to that of the SEB .
Tropospheric Temperatures
The temperature at the 1 bar level, which serves as a reference for models of Jupiter's interior structure, has been reassessed using Voyager radio occultation data. The corrected temperature at this level is found to be up to 4 K higher than previously published values, with measurements indicating 170.3 ± 3.8 K at 12°S and 167.3 ± 3.8 K at 0°N . This suggests spatial variations in Jupiter's tropospheric temperatures by up to 7 K between 7°N and 12°S .
Auroral Regions and Stratospheric Temperatures
In Jupiter's auroral regions, the vertical temperature profile has shown independent evolution between the northern and southern hemispheres. From 2014 to 2016, the temperature at 1 mbar in the northern auroral hot spot remained relatively stable, while the southern auroral hot spot experienced a net increase of 11.1 ± 5.2 K at 0.98 mbar . This increase in the southern auroral region's temperature may be linked to brightening in ultraviolet/near-infrared emissions and changes in solar dynamical pressure .
Conclusion
Jupiter's surface temperature, as inferred from various atmospheric layers and regions, exhibits significant variability. The effective temperature is around 125 K, with notable differences in temperature profiles across different latitudes and atmospheric pressures. The tropospheric temperatures show spatial variations, and the auroral regions demonstrate independent thermal evolution, influenced by external factors such as solar pressure and particle precipitation. These findings highlight the complex and dynamic thermal environment of Jupiter.
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