The active form of vitamin d is called

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The Active Form of Vitamin D: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D

Introduction to Vitamin D Metabolism

Vitamin D, a crucial prohormone for human health, exists in two primary forms: D2 (ergocalciferol) from dietary sources and D3 (cholecalciferol) synthesized in the skin through phototransformation. Both forms undergo a series of metabolic conversions to become biologically active .

Conversion to the Active Form: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D

The most hormonally active form of vitamin D is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, also known as calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D) 234. This active form is synthesized from the major circulating metabolite, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), through the action of the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (1α-OHase) . This enzyme is predominantly found in the kidneys but is also present in other tissues such as lymph nodes and skin .

Biological Functions of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D plays a multifaceted role in the body. It is essential for regulating calcium and phosphate homeostasis, which are critical for bone health and mineralization 58. Beyond its skeletal functions, 1,25(OH)2D acts as an immunomodulator, influencing both innate and adaptive immune responses 67. It modulates the activity of various immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes, thereby maintaining immune homeostasis and potentially reducing the risk of autoimmune diseases 67.

Clinical Implications and Health Benefits

The active form of vitamin D has been linked to numerous health benefits. It has shown potential in reducing the risk of several immune-related diseases, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes 67. Additionally, 1,25(OH)2D has been observed to have anti-cancer properties, particularly in breast cancer, where it influences cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis .

Conclusion

In summary, the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol), is a critical hormone with extensive roles in calcium and phosphate regulation, bone health, and immune modulation. Understanding its synthesis and functions can help in developing therapeutic strategies for various health conditions, emphasizing the importance of maintaining adequate vitamin D levels for overall health.

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Most relevant research papers on this topic

The serum vitamin D metabolome: What we know and what is still to discover

Advances in LC/MS/MS technology have enabled the detection of new vitamin D metabolites in human serum, potentially impacting our understanding of vitamin D metabolism and its role in human health.

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Vitamin D, or calcitriol, is a steroid hormone with progesterone-like activity, supporting the early stages of gestation and pregnancy through similar pathways to progesterone.

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1alpha-OHase plays a crucial role in vitamin D signaling at a local level, with its expression in both kidney and extra-renal tissues suggesting distinct endocrine and paracrine/autocrine functions.

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Vitamin D may have potential benefits in controlling immune and inflammatory conditions, but further in vivo and clinical studies are needed to confirm these benefits.

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Vitamin D plays a crucial role in regulating gene activity, with potential applications in preventing and treating diseases.

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Optimal vitamin D intake and sensible sunlight exposure can maintain optimal immune system function and reduce the risk of immune-related diseases.

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1,25(OH)(2)D(3) plays a role in maintaining immune homeostasis and may play a role in immune-mediated disorders like tuberculosis and type 1 diabetes.

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Vitamin D plays a crucial role in regulating skeletal homeostasis by directly and indirectly affecting calcium availability, growth plate mineralization, and osteomalacia.

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Vitamin D3 supplementation may not directly decrease breast cancer incidence, but its biologically more active analogues may have more potential anticancer activity when combined with existing cancer therapies.

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The vitamin D receptor is undetectable in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, suggesting its function on muscle may be indirect or not involve the known receptor.

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