Theories about how the universe was created
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Theories About How the Universe Was Created
Self-Creation Cosmologies
One of the intriguing theories about the creation of the universe involves self-creation cosmologies. This approach adapts the Brans-Dicke theory to propose that the universe is created from self-contained gravitational, scalar, and matter fields. However, initial attempts revealed unsatisfactory characteristics, particularly violating the principle of equivalence. A refined version of this theory retains its attractive features and aligns closely with general relativity, suggesting empirical tests for further validation .
Quantum Creation of the Universe
Another compelling theory is the quantum creation of the universe. This theory posits that massy particles can be created in a cosmological context without an energy cost. The universe is seen as a response to a spontaneous pointlike disturbance, unfolding in two stages: creation and free expansion. This model replaces the traditional "big bang" with a "fireball," avoiding the initial singularity and suggesting that the cosmological part of the gravitational field could be interpreted as a scalar dilaton .
Creatio Ex Nihilo (Creation from Nothing)
The Creatio Ex Nihilo (CEN) theory proposes that the universe originated from "nothing" in informational terms. Unlike other theories that require initial conditions, CEN does not need amendments to the laws of physics. It provides a new scenario for the universe's initiation process, merging with contemporary cosmological models from that point onward. This theory aims to prove that creation from nothing is feasible, though further adjustments and experiments are necessary to support it .
Spin-Top Theory and Hydrogen
The Spin-Top Theory suggests that the universe was created from a universe-seed (U-Seed) composed of hydrogen. Following the explosion of the U-Seed, hydrogen and its thermonuclear reaction products spread out, forming an expanding ellipsoid while circling the universe center (U-Center). This theory estimates that the universe undergoes cycles of expansion and contraction, each lasting about 148 billion years, repeating indefinitely .
Modern Cosmological Models
Modern cosmology has significantly advanced our understanding of the universe's origin and evolution. The standard model of cosmology, refined over the past few decades, integrates observations of the expanding universe, the hot early universe, nucleosynthesis, and the cosmic microwave background. This model includes the Big Bang theory, inflation, dark matter, and dark energy, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the universe's structure and evolution .
Comparative Studies and Theoretical Developments
Comparative studies of various models highlight the complexity of the universe's creation. The Big Bang theory, while widely accepted, leaves several questions unanswered, such as the source of the universe's energy. Some theories propose that energy could appear from "nothing," aligning with the uncertainty principle of Heisenberg. These models suggest that the universe's structuring began with the appearance of neutrons and other particles through resonance effects .
Semiclassical Approaches
Semiclassical approaches also explore the creation of the universe from nothing, without initial energy or mass input. These models account for the inflationary phase with exponential expansion, providing a mathematical framework for understanding the very early universe .
Conclusion
Theories about the universe's creation are diverse and complex, ranging from self-creation cosmologies and quantum phenomena to creation from nothing and hydrogen-based models. Modern cosmological models and comparative studies continue to refine our understanding, integrating observational data and theoretical advancements. Each theory offers unique insights, contributing to the broader quest to unravel the mysteries of the universe's origin.
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