Total energy in universe
Pro Research Analysisby 
Searched over 200M research papers
Total Energy in the Universe: A Comprehensive Overview
Zero-Energy Universe Hypothesis
The concept of a zero-energy universe suggests that the total energy of the universe is exactly zero. This hypothesis posits that the positive energy in the form of matter is perfectly balanced by the negative energy in the form of gravity. Multiple studies support this idea, indicating that the total energy of the universe, when considering both matter and gravitational fields, sums to zero 12367. This balance is observed across various cosmological models, including the closed universe and Bianchi-type I models.
Teleparallel Gravity and Energy Calculations
In teleparallel gravity, the total energy of the universe has been calculated using the Einstein and Landau-Lifshitz energy-momentum complexes. These calculations show that the total energy vanishes regardless of the pseudotensor used or the dimensionless coupling constants of teleparallel gravity 110. This result is consistent with the zero-energy universe hypothesis and supports the idea that the universe's total energy is null.
Energy-Momentum Complexes and Bianchi Models
The use of energy-momentum complexes, such as those by Tolman, Papapetrou, and Weinberg, in various cosmological models like the Locally Rotationally Symmetric (LRS) Bianchi type II and Bianchi type I models, consistently results in a total energy of zero 367. These findings align with the viewpoint of Tryon, Rosen, and Albrow, who have long suggested that the universe's total energy is zero.
Einstein Pseudotensor and Model Dependency
Calculations using the Einstein pseudotensor have shown that the total energy of the universe can be zero in some spacetime geometries but nonzero in others. This indicates that the result is highly model-dependent, challenging the notion that pseudotensorial calculations universally lead to a zero total energy . This variability underscores the complexity of accurately determining the universe's total energy.
Observable Universe and Kinetic Energy
Recent astronomical observations suggest that the expanding universe is homogeneous, isotropic, and asymptotically flat. Using Newtonian gravity in a flat space, the total gravitational and kinetic energy of the observable universe has been calculated. These calculations show that the total mechanical energy of the observable universe is close to zero, supporting the idea that the gravitational energy is balanced by the kinetic energy of cosmic expansion 89.
Hidden Global Energy and Superunification Theory
Contrary to the zero-energy universe hypothesis, the theory of Superunification proposes a maximum energy level of the cosmic vacuum due to the quantized space-time structure. This theory suggests that the energy accumulated in the quantized space-time is significant and measurable, challenging the traditional view of a zero-energy universe .
Conclusion
The majority of research supports the zero-energy universe hypothesis, indicating that the total energy of the universe, considering both matter and gravitational fields, is zero. This conclusion is consistent across various cosmological models and energy-momentum complexes. However, alternative theories like Superunification suggest that there may be hidden global energy within the universe, highlighting the ongoing debate and complexity in understanding the universe's total energy.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic