Types of brain cancer
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Types of Brain Cancer
Overview of Brain Tumors
Brain tumors are a diverse group of neoplasms originating from intracranial tissues and the meninges, with varying degrees of malignancy from benign to highly aggressive. These tumors can be classified into primary brain tumors, which originate within the brain, and secondary (metastatic) brain tumors, which spread to the brain from other parts of the body .
Common Types of Primary Brain Tumors
Gliomas
Gliomas are the most common type of malignant primary brain tumors in adults. They originate from glial cells, which support and protect neurons. Glioblastoma, a subtype of glioma, is the most aggressive and prevalent malignant brain tumor, accounting for a significant portion of all brain tumors . Glioblastomas are known for their poor prognosis and limited response to standard treatments like chemoradiation .
Meningiomas
Meningiomas are the most common non-malignant brain tumors, arising from the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. These tumors are generally benign but can cause significant health issues due to their location and potential to grow and press on the brain . Meningiomas are more frequently diagnosed in females .
Other Gliomas
Other types of gliomas include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. These tumors vary in their malignancy and prognosis, with some being more treatable than others. Advances in molecular biology have led to a better understanding of these tumors, aiding in more accurate diagnoses and targeted treatments.
Secondary (Metastatic) Brain Tumors
Secondary brain tumors, or brain metastases, occur when cancer cells spread to the brain from other parts of the body. Common primary cancers that metastasize to the brain include lung, breast, melanoma, and colorectal cancers . These metastases are more common than primary brain tumors and require complex, multidisciplinary treatment approaches .
Epidemiology and Survival Rates
The incidence of brain tumors varies by type, age, sex, and race. Malignant brain tumors have a higher incidence in males and non-Hispanic White individuals, while non-malignant tumors are more common in females and non-Hispanic Black individuals. The five-year relative survival rate for malignant brain tumors has improved over the years but remains low, particularly for glioblastoma. Non-malignant brain tumors have a much higher five-year survival rate .
Conclusion
Brain tumors encompass a wide range of neoplasms with distinct biological behaviors, treatment responses, and prognoses. Gliomas, particularly glioblastomas, and meningiomas are among the most common types of primary brain tumors. Secondary brain tumors from metastases are also prevalent and pose significant treatment challenges. Understanding the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of these tumors is crucial for developing effective treatments and improving patient outcomes.
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