Types of brain cancers
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Types of Brain Cancers
Brain cancers encompass a diverse group of neoplasms originating from various cells within the central nervous system (CNS). These tumors can be broadly categorized into malignant and non-malignant types, each with distinct characteristics, incidence rates, and treatment challenges.
Malignant Brain Tumors
Gliomas and Glioblastoma
Gliomas are the most common type of malignant primary brain tumors in adults. Among gliomas, glioblastoma stands out as the most prevalent and aggressive form, accounting for approximately 14.2% to 14.6% of all brain tumors and 50.1% of all malignant brain tumors . Glioblastomas are particularly challenging to treat due to their rapid growth and resistance to standard therapies, resulting in a poor prognosis with a five-year survival rate of only 4% to 7%.
Other Malignant Tumors
Other malignant brain tumors include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. These tumors vary in their biological behavior and response to treatment, with recent advances in molecular biology aiding in their classification and management .
Non-Malignant Brain Tumors
Meningiomas
Meningiomas are the most common non-malignant brain tumors, representing 37.6% to 39.7% of all brain tumors . These tumors originate from the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. While most meningiomas are benign, their location can lead to significant neurological symptoms, and they are more frequently diagnosed in females .
Other Non-Malignant Tumors
Other non-malignant brain tumors include pituitary adenomas, schwannomas, and craniopharyngiomas. These tumors generally have a better prognosis compared to malignant tumors, with a five-year survival rate of over 90% .
Pediatric Brain Tumors
Incidence and Types
In children and adolescents, the incidence of primary brain and CNS tumors is lower compared to adults, with a rate of approximately 6.06 to 6.20 per 100,000 population . Common pediatric brain tumors include medulloblastomas, pilocytic astrocytomas, and ependymomas. These tumors often require specialized treatment approaches due to their impact on the developing brain .
Metastatic Brain Tumors
Intracranial Metastases
Intracranial metastases from systemic cancers are the most prevalent brain tumors overall. These metastases can originate from primary cancers in the lung, breast, melanoma, and colorectal regions, and they often necessitate complex multidisciplinary care involving neurosurgery, radiation oncology, and medical oncology .
Conclusion
Brain cancers are a heterogeneous group of tumors with varying degrees of malignancy, incidence rates, and treatment challenges. Gliomas, particularly glioblastomas, are the most common malignant brain tumors in adults, while meningiomas are the most frequent non-malignant tumors. Pediatric brain tumors and metastatic brain tumors also represent significant clinical challenges. Advances in molecular biology and targeted therapies hold promise for improving the diagnosis and treatment of these diverse and complex tumors.
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