Types of brain tumors
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Types of Brain Tumors: An Overview
Primary Brain Tumors: Malignant and Non-Malignant
Gliomas and Glioblastomas
Gliomas are a broad category of brain tumors that originate from glial cells. They can range from low-grade (less aggressive) to high-grade (more aggressive) forms. Glioblastoma, a type of glioma, is the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults, accounting for approximately 14.2% to 14.6% of all brain tumors . Glioblastomas are more prevalent in males and have a poor prognosis, with limited response to standard treatments like chemoradiation .
Meningiomas
Meningiomas are the most common non-malignant brain tumors, making up about 37.6% to 39.7% of all brain tumors . These tumors arise from the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas are more frequently diagnosed in females and are often managed through surgical resection, with radiation therapy and chemotherapy reserved for high-risk or refractory cases.
Other Primary Brain Tumors
Other types of primary brain tumors include schwannomas, pituitary tumors, primary central nervous system lymphomas, and ependymomas. Schwannomas, which affect the nerve sheath, are common in adults aged 40-70 and affect both men and women. Ependymomas, although less common, are significant in both adult and pediatric populations .
Pediatric Brain Tumors
Common Types in Children
Brain tumors are the most common solid malignancies in children and the leading cause of cancer-related death in this age group. The most prevalent types include medulloblastomas, ependymomas, and pilocytic astrocytomas . These tumors are often located in the posterior fossa of the brain, a region that includes the cerebellum and brainstem.
Genetic and Molecular Insights
Recent advances in molecular biology have improved the understanding of pediatric brain tumors. Significant genetic alterations and pathways have been identified, aiding in the classification and treatment of these tumors. For instance, medulloblastomas and ependymomas are now better understood through their genetic profiles, which has implications for targeted therapies .
Secondary (Metastatic) Brain Tumors
Overview
Secondary or metastatic brain tumors are three times more common than primary brain tumors. These tumors originate from cancer cells that have spread from other parts of the body to the brain. All secondary brain tumors are malignant and require complex multidisciplinary care involving neurosurgery, radiation oncology, and medical oncology .
Conclusion
Brain tumors, whether primary or secondary, malignant or non-malignant, present significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Glioblastomas and meningiomas are the most common types of malignant and non-malignant primary brain tumors, respectively. Pediatric brain tumors, such as medulloblastomas and ependymomas, are also prevalent and require specialized care. Advances in molecular biology and genetics are paving the way for more targeted and effective treatments, although much work remains to be done to improve outcomes for patients of all ages.
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