Types of eczema
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Types of Eczema: A Comprehensive Overview
Eczema, also known as dermatitis, is a broad term used to describe various inflammatory skin conditions characterized by itching, redness, and sometimes blistering or peeling. This article delves into the different types of eczema, their characteristics, and their prevalence.
Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)
Atopic dermatitis is the most common and severe form of eczema, particularly prevalent in children. It is a chronic, relapsing condition often associated with a family history of allergic diseases such as asthma and hay fever 134. Atopic dermatitis typically presents with pruritic, eczematous lesions, dry skin (xerosis), and lichenification (thickening of the skin) . It affects up to 25% of children worldwide and is often the first manifestation of the "atopic march," which may later include asthma and allergic rhinitis 27.
Contact Dermatitis
Contact dermatitis is divided into two main types: irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Irritant contact dermatitis results from direct damage to the skin by a chemical or physical agent, while allergic contact dermatitis is an immune response to an allergen 16. Common triggers include soaps, detergents, and metals like nickel. Both types cause erythema, itching, and sometimes blistering 16.
Seborrhoeic Dermatitis
Seborrhoeic dermatitis is a chronic form of eczema that primarily affects areas rich in sebaceous glands, such as the scalp, face, and upper trunk. It is often associated with the yeast Malassezia, which is part of the normal skin microbiome . This type of eczema presents with greasy, scaly patches and is more common in infants (as cradle cap) and adults 46.
Dyshidrotic Eczema (Pompholyx)
Dyshidrotic eczema, also known as pompholyx, is characterized by small, intensely itchy blisters on the palms, sides of the fingers, and soles of the feet. The exact cause is unknown, but it is often associated with stress, allergies, and moist environments 14.
Discoid Eczema (Nummular Eczema)
Discoid eczema presents as round, coin-shaped spots of eczema on the skin. These patches are often itchy and may become crusty or weepy. The cause is not well understood, but it is more common in adults and can be triggered by dry skin, skin injuries, or infections .
Asteatotic Eczema
Asteatotic eczema, also known as xerotic eczema, occurs due to extremely dry skin, often in older adults. It typically appears on the lower legs and is characterized by cracked, itchy, and inflamed skin .
Infective Eczema
Infective eczema includes conditions like intertrigo, seborrhoeic dermatitis, and infectious eczematoid dermatitis, which are traditionally linked to infections by organisms such as Staphylococcus and Candida . These types require antiseptic measures for treatment due to the involvement of microbial agents .
Venous Eczema
Venous eczema, also known as stasis dermatitis, occurs in individuals with poor circulation, typically in the lower legs. It is associated with varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency, presenting with itchy, inflamed skin and sometimes ulceration .
Juvenile Plantar Dermatosis
Juvenile plantar dermatosis affects the soles of the feet in children, causing red, shiny, and cracked skin. It is often linked to wearing synthetic shoes and excessive sweating .
Lichen Simplex Chronicus
Lichen simplex chronicus results from chronic scratching or rubbing, leading to thickened, leathery skin. It often occurs in individuals with other forms of eczema or chronic itching conditions .
Conclusion
Eczema encompasses a variety of skin conditions, each with distinct triggers, symptoms, and treatment approaches. Understanding the specific type of eczema is crucial for effective management and improving the quality of life for those affected.
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