Types of hpv
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Types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Prevalence of HPV Types in Cervical Cancer
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant cause of cervical cancer worldwide. The most common types of HPV associated with invasive cervical cancer (ICC) are HPV16 and HPV18. These two types are responsible for approximately 70% of all cervical cancer cases globally . HPV16 is the most prevalent, found in 46-63% of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases and 26-36% of adeno- and adenosquamous-carcinoma (ADC) cases. HPV18 is the second most common, particularly in ADC, where it accounts for 37-41% of cases.
Geographic Variations in HPV Type Distribution
The distribution of HPV types varies by region. For instance, HPV45 is notably more prevalent in Africa and South/Central America, while HPV58 is more common in Eastern Asia . In Western and Central Asia, a higher proportion of ICC cases are associated with HPV16/18 compared to Eastern Asia. This regional variation underscores the importance of tailored HPV vaccination and screening programs.
HPV Types in High-Grade Lesions
High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) are precursors to cervical cancer. HPV16 and HPV18 are also the most common types found in HSIL, with HPV16 present in 46.5% of cases and HPV18 in 8.9%. Other high-risk HPV types such as HPV31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 are also frequently detected in HSIL . However, the prevalence of these types is higher in HSIL than in ICC, suggesting that not all HSIL progress to cancer .
HPV Types in Low-Grade Lesions and Normal Cytology
In women with normal cytology or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), the distribution of HPV types is more diverse. HPV16 positivity increases significantly from normal cytology and LSIL to HSIL and ICC, indicating its strong carcinogenic potential. Other high-risk types such as HPV31, 33, 52, and 58 are also present but are less likely to progress to cancer compared to HPV16 and HPV18 .
Probable and Possible Carcinogenic HPV Types
In addition to the well-known high-risk HPV types, there are eight other types (HPV26, 53, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73, and 82) classified as probable or possible carcinogens. These types are less common but have been identified in about 3% of cervical cancer cases. They exhibit similar biological activity to the recognized high-risk types, affecting the same cellular pathways and contributing to carcinogenesis.
Conclusion
HPV16 and HPV18 are the most significant types associated with cervical cancer, accounting for the majority of cases worldwide. However, other high-risk types such as HPV31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 also play a crucial role, particularly in high-grade lesions. Geographic variations in HPV type distribution highlight the need for region-specific HPV vaccination and screening strategies. Additionally, probable and possible carcinogenic HPV types warrant further attention in cervical cancer prevention efforts. Continued surveillance and research are essential to adapt and optimize HPV-related public health interventions.
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