Types of hypertension
Pro Research Analysisby 
Searched over 200M research papers
Types of Hypertension: An Overview
Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a significant public health issue affecting a large portion of the global population. It is generally categorized into various types based on its causes and characteristics. Understanding these types is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment.
Essential Hypertension (EHT)
Definition and Prevalence
Essential hypertension, also known as primary or idiopathic hypertension, is the most common type, accounting for about 95% of all hypertension cases . It is characterized by elevated blood pressure without an identifiable secondary cause such as renal disease or hormonal disorders .
Genetic and Environmental Factors
The development of essential hypertension is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Studies have identified numerous genes involved in blood pressure regulation, including those in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and pathways related to vascular inflammation and remodeling 17. Environmental factors such as diet, stress, and physical activity also play significant roles .
Secondary Hypertension
Definition and Causes
Secondary hypertension results from an underlying condition, such as kidney disease, endocrine disorders, or the use of certain medications . Unlike essential hypertension, secondary hypertension can often be treated by addressing the primary condition.
Specific Conditions
Conditions that can lead to secondary hypertension include renovascular disease, pheochromocytoma, and aldosteronism . These conditions disrupt normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms, leading to elevated blood pressure.
Pulmonary Hypertension (PHT)
Definition and Classification
Pulmonary hypertension is defined by an elevated pulmonary arterial pressure above 25 mm Hg at rest, as measured by right heart catheterization 15. It is classified into five groups based on its underlying causes, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAHT), PHT caused by left heart disease, lung disease, chronic blood clots, and other unclear conditions 15.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAHT)
PAHT is a specific subgroup of PHT characterized by progressive remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature, leading to increased pulmonary arterial pressure 15. This condition involves abnormal proliferation of vascular cells and resistance to apoptosis, often linked to genetic mutations and epigenetic dysregulation 56.
White Coat Hypertension (WCH)
Definition and Prevalence
White coat hypertension is characterized by elevated blood pressure readings in a clinical setting but normal readings in other environments . It is more common in elderly, obese women and less prevalent in regions like Australia, America, and Africa .
Clinical Significance
While WCH may not always require treatment, it is important to monitor as it can progress to sustained hypertension over time .
Nocturnal Hypertension
Definition and Impact
Nocturnal hypertension refers to elevated blood pressure during nighttime. It is significant because it is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events compared to daytime hypertension .
Monitoring and Management
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is often used to detect nocturnal hypertension, allowing for more accurate diagnosis and management .
Conclusion
Hypertension is a multifaceted condition with various types, each with distinct causes and implications. Essential hypertension is the most prevalent, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Secondary hypertension arises from specific underlying conditions, while pulmonary hypertension involves elevated pressures in the lung arteries. White coat and nocturnal hypertension are unique forms that require specific diagnostic approaches. Understanding these types is essential for effective management and treatment of hypertension.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic