Types of oral contraceptive pills
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Main Types of Oral Contraceptive Pills
Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are primarily divided into two main types: combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and progestin-only pills (POPs) 1234. There is also a third category, the continuous or extended-use pill, which is a variation of the combined pill designed for fewer or no menstrual periods .
Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills (COCs)
COCs contain both estrogen and progestin hormones. They are the most commonly prescribed type of oral contraceptive and are available in various formulations and regimens, including monthly cycles and extended cycles 125679. COCs work by suppressing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus, and altering the endometrial lining to prevent pregnancy .
COCs are also used for non-contraceptive benefits, such as regulating menstrual cycles, reducing menstrual pain, treating acne, and managing conditions like endometriosis and premenstrual dysphoric disorder 1267910. However, COCs are not recommended for women with certain cardiovascular risks due to the estrogen component, which can increase the risk of blood clots and high blood pressure 249.
Progestin-Only Pills (POPs)
Progestin-only pills, sometimes called "mini-pills," contain only progestin and no estrogen 1234. POPs are a safer option for women who cannot take estrogen, such as those with a history of blood clots, hypertension, or other cardiovascular risks . They primarily work by thickening cervical mucus and thinning the endometrial lining, and may also suppress ovulation in some users .
POPs are associated with a higher frequency of breakthrough bleeding and irregular menstrual periods compared to COCs . They are often recommended for breastfeeding women or those who experience side effects from estrogen 24.
Continuous or Extended-Use Pills
Continuous or extended-use pills are a variation of combined oral contraceptives designed to reduce the frequency of menstrual periods, sometimes eliminating them altogether 12. These regimens may be preferred by women who want fewer periods or who suffer from menstrual-related symptoms .
Effectiveness and Usage
Both COCs and POPs have similar effectiveness, with typical use failure rates ranging from about 7% to 9% 124. Perfect use results in much lower failure rates, but typical use accounts for missed pills or incorrect usage 124.
Conclusion
The main types of oral contraceptive pills are combined oral contraceptives (COCs), progestin-only pills (POPs), and continuous or extended-use pills. Each type has specific benefits and considerations, and the choice depends on individual health needs, risk factors, and personal preferences. COCs are the most widely used, but POPs offer a safer alternative for those who cannot take estrogen. Extended-use pills provide additional flexibility for menstrual management.
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