most venomous sea snake

Introduction

Sea snakes are among the most venomous reptiles, inhabiting the warmer regions of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Their venoms are highly toxic, containing a variety of neurotoxins and myotoxins that can cause severe envenomation in humans. This synthesis aims to identify the most venomous sea snake based on the available research data.

Key Insights

Enhydrina schistosa (Beaked Sea Snake)
- Enhydrina schistosa is considered one of the most dangerous sea snakes due to its highly toxic venom, which is four times as toxic as cobra venom and can cause severe myotoxicity and neurotoxicity .
- The venom of E. schistosa has a low LD50 value, indicating high toxicity, and can cause severe rhabdomyolysis, leading to fatal outcomes in some cases .
Pelamis platura (Yellow-bellied Sea Snake)
- Pelamis platura has a highly lethal venom composed mainly of three-finger toxins (3FTx) and phospholipases A2 (PLA2), which are responsible for its neurotoxic and myotoxic effects.
- Despite its high toxicity, the venom of P. platura is effectively neutralized by antivenom produced against E. schistosa, suggesting some level of cross-reactivity.
Hydrophis curtus and Hydrophis cyanocinctus
- Both species exhibit highly toxic venoms with low LD50 values, primarily composed of three-finger toxins and phospholipases A2.
- These venoms are highly lethal and exhibit significant hemolytic and PLA2 activities, contributing to their overall toxicity.
Aipysurus laevis (Olive Sea Snake)
- The venom of Aipysurus laevis is relatively simple but highly toxic, with a high proportion of phospholipases A2 and three-finger toxins.
- The venom has a low LD50 value and is effectively neutralized by antivenom, indicating its high lethality.

Conclusion

Based on the available research, Enhydrina schistosa (Beaked Sea Snake) stands out as the most venomous sea snake due to its highly toxic venom, which is significantly more potent than that of other sea snakes. Its venom causes severe myotoxicity and neurotoxicity, leading to potentially fatal outcomes. Other highly venomous sea snakes include Pelamis platura, Hydrophis curtus, Hydrophis cyanocinctus, and Aipysurus laevis, all of which possess highly toxic venoms with significant neurotoxic and myotoxic effects.

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Most venomous sea snake

Summary

Introduction

Key Insights

Conclusion

Sources and full results

Biotoxicology of sea snake venoms.

Sea snake venoms are highly toxic, with neurotoxic and myotoxic clinical syndromes, and proper emergency field therapy and timely antivenin administration can be lifesaving.

Isolation of the Neurotoxic Component of the Venom of the Sea Snake, Enhydrina schistosa

The neurotoxic component of sea snake venom, Enhydrina schistosa, is crucial for understanding its biochemical actions and enhancing its antigenic properties for potential life-saving treatment.

Two color morphs of the pelagic yellow-bellied sea snake, Pelamis platura, from different locations of Costa Rica: snake venomics, toxicity, and neutralization by antivenom.

The yellow-bellied sea snake, Pelamis platura, has a conserved venom protein profile, with pelamitoxin being the most lethal component, and antivenom from CSL Ltd. can neutralize its lethal activity.

AUSTRALIA'S POTENTIALLY MOST VENOMOUS SNAKE: PARADEMANSIA MICROLEPIDOTUS

Parademansia microlepidotus is the most venomous snake in Australia, with high toxicity and large venom yield, but its venom can be neutralized by taipan antivenom.

Symptomatology, Pathology and Treatment of the Bites of Sea Snakes

Sea snake bites are highly toxic, but not aggressive, and rarely inject much venom, preserving fishing in many Asian areas.

Sea Snake Investigation in the Gulf of Thailand

The most common sea snake in the Gulf of Thailand is Lapemis hardwickii, with other species including Hydrophis cyanocinctus, H. torquatus diadema, H. ornatus, Enhydrina schistosa, Kerilia jerdon

Enhydrina schistosa (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) the most dangerous sea snake in Sri Lanka: three case studies of severe envenoming.

E. schistosa is a deadly sea snake in Sri Lanka, with its bite causing severe rhabdomyolysis and potentially leading to death.

The Toxinology of Sea Snake Venoms

Sea snake venoms are highly toxic, with neurotoxins and myotoxic phospholipases A2 being the main lethal factors, leading to respiratory failure and acute renal failure.

A comparative analysis of the proteomes and biological activities of the venoms from two sea snakes, Hydrophis curtus and Hydrophis cyanocinctus, from Hainan, China.

Hydrophis curtus and Hydrophis cyanocinctus venoms contain 47 and 38 toxin proteins, respectively, with 3FTx and PLA2 being the most abundant families, potentially aiding in the development of specific sea snake antivenoms.

Danger in the reef: Proteome, toxicity, and neutralization of the venom of the olive sea snake, Aipysurus laevis.

Olive sea snake venom is remarkably simple, with short neurotoxins being the most lethal components, and BioCSL Sea Snake Antivenom effectively neutralizes it, indicating potential for developing recombinant antibodies or synthetic inhibitors.

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