Viral hives
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Viral Hives: Understanding the Impact of Viral Infections on Hive Health
Honey Bee Virus Transmission via Hive Products
The global trade of honey bee hive products, such as honey, pollen, and wax, has raised significant concerns about the transmission of viral pathogens. Research has shown that these products can indeed act as vehicles for viruses like the Deformed Wing Virus genotype A (DWV-A). In a controlled experiment, honey bee workers exposed to varying concentrations of DWV-A in hive products exhibited a positive correlation between virus concentration and mortality rates. High concentrations of DWV-A consistently led to infections, while medium and low concentrations resulted in infections 47% and 20% of the time, respectively. This study highlights the feasibility of DWV-A transmission through hive products and underscores the need for stringent virus analyses in trade regulations to prevent the spread of novel viruses and strains1.
HIV Encephalopathy and Viral Suppression in the Central Nervous System
HIV-1 encephalopathy (HIVE) is a severe manifestation of advanced HIV infection, characterized by high levels of viral RNA in the central nervous system (CNS). Despite the effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in reducing HIV replication in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), some individuals experience delayed suppression of HIV RNA in the CSF. This delay is significantly associated with the presence of HIVE, rather than factors like viral drug resistance or poor CNS drug penetration. The distinct pattern of viral replication in the CNS in HIVE suggests that the condition itself, rather than treatment variables, is responsible for the delayed virus elimination during HAART2 3.
The Role of Diet Quality and Viral Infection in Honeybee Health
Honeybee health is influenced by multiple stressors, including diet quality and viral infections. Experimental studies have shown that high-quality diets, such as polyfloral pollen and high-quality single-source pollen, can mitigate the adverse effects of viral infections like the Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV). Good diets help bees tolerate virus infections better, reducing mortality even in the presence of high virus titres. Conversely, extreme stress from poor diet quality, such as pollen starvation, exacerbates the negative impact of viral infections, leading to increased exiting behavior from hives. These findings suggest that micronutrient deficiencies in bee diets could be a critical area for further research to improve bee health and resilience against viral infections4.
Conclusion
The transmission of viruses through hive products, the impact of HIV-1 encephalopathy on viral suppression in the CNS, and the interaction between diet quality and viral infections in honeybees are critical areas of research. Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing effective strategies to manage and mitigate the impact of viral infections on both human and bee health. Enhanced trade regulations, targeted therapeutic approaches, and improved dietary interventions could play pivotal roles in addressing these challenges.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic
Honey Bee Virus Transmission via Hive Products
DWV-A transmission via honey bee hive products is feasible, and trade regulations should consider the risk of introducing novel viruses and strains by including virus analyses for health certificates.
Non-RCT
Animal Study
Rigorous JournalDelayed central nervous system virus suppression during highly active antiretroviral therapy is associated with HIV encephalopathy, but not with viral drug resistance or poor central nervous system drug penetration
HIV encephalopathy is associated with delayed virus elimination in the central nervous system during HAART, not with viral drug resistance or poor central nervous system drug penetration.
Observational Study
Highly CitedHIV-1 associated encephalopathy and myelopathy
Advanced HIV infection can cause encephalopathy and myelopathy, with diagnostic and therapeutic procedures relying on current research and current understanding of their pathogenesis.
Interacting stressors matter: diet quality and virus infection in honeybee health
High-quality honeybee diets can potentially reduce mortality from viral infections and help bees tolerate virus infection, potentially improving bee health.
Non-RCTAnimal StudyHighly CitedGeneration of Cytotoxic T Cells Against Virus-Infected Human Brain Macrophages in a Murine Model of HIV-1 Encephalitis1
The human PBL-NOD-SCID HIVE mouse model effectively generates HIV-1-specific CTL responses, effectively reducing virus-infected brain macrophages in a mouse model of HIV-1 encephalitis.
Non-RCTAnimal StudyThe shifting patterns of HIV encephalitis neuropathology
HAART-treated HIV patients have shifted from severe dementia to more subtle cognitive impairment, with chronic forms of HIV encephalitis emerging as they age.
Highly CitedHIV-1 Tat Co-Operates with IFN-γ and TNF-α to Increase CXCL10 in Human Astrocytes
HIV-1 Tat and IFN- and TNF- together increase CXCL10 in human astrocytes, contributing to the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurological disorders.
In Vitro StudyHIV and Drug Misuse in the Edinburgh Cohort
HIV encephalitis in intravenous drug users can be linked to microglial activation, brain inflammation, and neurotoxicity, with drug use potentially synergizing these effects.
Observational StudyDifferential Vulnerability of Calbindin‐immunoreactive Neurons in HIV Encephalitis
Differential loss of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons in HIV encephalitis suggests different pathogenic mechanisms for neuronal damage in different regions of the CNS.
In Vitro StudyIDDF2020-ABS-0112 Gut-skin axis: decoding the link between the gut microbiome and hives
Chronic urticaria patients have a decreased abundance of certain gut bacteria, potentially leading to inflammatory skin diseases.
Systematic ReviewRigorous Journal