Vitamin b12 and energy metabolism
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Vitamin B12 and Cellular Energy Metabolism
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is essential for DNA synthesis and cellular energy production. It plays a key role in mitochondrial function, fatty acid metabolism, and protein metabolism, all of which are fundamental for maintaining the energy balance and health of cells and tissues in humans 1235. B12 acts as a cofactor for two critical enzymes: methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which is involved in the breakdown of certain amino acids and fatty acids for energy production in the mitochondria, and methionine synthase, which is crucial for the methionine cycle and the generation of S-adenosylmethionine, a major methyl donor for cellular processes 379.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Metabolic Health
Low levels of vitamin B12 are associated with a range of metabolic disturbances. In children, adolescents, and young adults, lower B12 levels are linked to higher body weight, increased adiposity, and worse metabolic health, including higher hepatic insulin resistance and more severe liver steatosis . In adults, B12 deficiency is common, especially among vegetarians, the elderly, and those with malabsorption issues, and can lead to subtle but significant metabolic problems that may go unrecognized for long periods 23.
B12, Lipid Metabolism, and Obesity
Research shows that low B12 status is prevalent in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes, and is associated with increased fat accumulation and insulin resistance. Children born to mothers with low B12 levels are at higher risk for excess fat and metabolic disorders later in life. B12 deficiency may also influence lipid metabolism through epigenetic mechanisms, such as changes in DNA methylation, which can affect gene expression related to fat storage and energy use 16.
B12 in One-Carbon Metabolism and Energy Pathways
Vitamin B12 is a key player in one-carbon metabolism, a network of biochemical pathways that generate methyl groups for DNA synthesis, amino acid balance, antioxidant production, and epigenetic regulation. Disruptions in B12-dependent pathways can impair energy production, DNA repair, and cell proliferation, and may contribute to developmental defects, cognitive impairment, and metabolic diseases 379.
B12 Supplementation and Energy Metabolism in Animal Models
Studies in dairy cows show that supplementation with vitamin B12, especially when combined with folic acid (B9), can enhance energy metabolism during periods of high metabolic demand, such as early lactation. B12 and B9 supplementation increased milk yield and improved the efficiency of energy use, as indicated by changes in body fat mobilization and milk composition. However, the benefits of supplementation depend on the balance of all related B vitamins and the specific metabolic needs of the animal 4810.
B12 and Cellular Metabolic Regulation
At the cellular level, vitamin B12 supports mitochondrial energy production, fatty acid metabolism, and the biosynthesis of amino acids and methyl groups. It also helps regulate gene expression through epigenetic modifications, supporting cell proliferation and maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier . These functions highlight the broad impact of B12 on both energy metabolism and overall cellular health.
Conclusion
Vitamin B12 is vital for energy metabolism, influencing mitochondrial function, fatty acid and protein metabolism, and one-carbon pathways. Deficiency in B12 is linked to increased body weight, metabolic dysfunction, and impaired lipid metabolism, with effects seen from childhood through adulthood. Ensuring adequate B12 intake is important for maintaining metabolic health and efficient energy production across the lifespan 1235679.
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