Vitamin d3 and k2 side effects

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Side Effects of Vitamin D3 and K2 Supplementation

Introduction to Vitamin D3 and K2

Vitamins D3 and K2 are essential nutrients that play significant roles in bone health, cardiovascular function, and metabolic processes. While their benefits are well-documented, understanding their potential side effects is crucial for safe supplementation.

Bone Health and Mineral Density

Protective Effects on Bone Mineral Density

Research indicates that both vitamins D3 and K2 can prevent bone mineral density loss, particularly in patients undergoing treatments that affect bone health, such as prednisolone therapy. A study involving patients with chronic glomerulonephritis demonstrated that supplementation with either vitamin D3 or K2, or a combination of both, effectively prevented prednisolone-induced bone mineral density loss in the lumbar spine . This suggests that these vitamins can be beneficial in maintaining bone health under certain medical conditions.

Biochemical Markers and Bone Health

However, the same study noted marked reductions in biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption across all groups, indicating that while bone density was preserved, the overall bone turnover was affected . This highlights a potential side effect where the natural bone remodeling process might be altered, necessitating careful monitoring during supplementation.

Metabolic Effects in Diabetes Patients

Impact on Glycemia and Insulin Sensitivity

In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), supplementation with vitamins D3 and K2 has shown promising results in improving metabolic parameters. A clinical trial reported significant decreases in glycemia, HOMA-IR (a measure of insulin resistance), and the percentage of functional pancreatic beta cells in patients receiving these vitamins . This indicates a beneficial effect on blood sugar control and insulin sensitivity.

Changes in Osteocalcin Levels

The same study also observed changes in osteocalcin levels, a marker associated with bone metabolism. Vitamin D3 supplementation led to a reduction in undercarboxylated osteocalcin, while vitamin K2 increased carboxylated osteocalcin levels . These changes suggest that while the vitamins positively influence metabolic health, they also significantly impact bone-related biochemical markers, which could have long-term implications for bone health.

Cardiovascular Health and Coronary Artery Calcification

Effects on Coronary Artery Calcification

A study protocol aimed at evaluating the effects of vitamins D3 and K2 on coronary artery calcification (CAC) suggests that these vitamins may slow down the progression of CAC, a predictor of acute myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality . While the study is ongoing, the hypothesis is based on the potential protective role of these vitamins in cardiovascular health.

Safety and Adverse Effects

Importantly, the study notes that there have been no reported adverse effects associated with the use of vitamin K2 so far . This is a positive indication of the safety profile of vitamin K2, although long-term data and further research are necessary to confirm these findings.

Conclusion

In summary, vitamins D3 and K2 offer significant benefits in bone health, metabolic control in diabetes, and potentially in cardiovascular health. However, their supplementation can alter biochemical markers related to bone turnover and metabolism, necessitating careful monitoring. Current research indicates a favorable safety profile, but ongoing studies will provide more comprehensive insights into their long-term effects and safety.

Sources and full results

Most relevant research papers on this topic

Effect of supplementation with vitamins D3 and K2 on undercarboxylated osteocalcin and insulin serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial

Vitamin D3 and K2 supplementation significantly decreases glucose levels and pancreatic beta cell function, while vitamin K2 supplementation reduces undercarboxylated osteocalcin levels.

RCTVery Rigorous Journal

2020·

19citations

·J. I. Aguayo-Ruiz et al.

Protective effect of vitamins K2 and D3 on prednisolone-induced loss of bone mineral density in the lumbar spine.

Vitamin K2 and D3 have similar protective effects on prednisolone-induced loss of bone mineral density in the lumbar spine in chronic glomerulonephritis patients.

RCT

2004·

28citations

·K. Yonemura et al.

Effects of vitamins K2 and D3 supplementation in patients with severe coronary artery calcification: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Vitamin K2 and D3 supplementation may slow down coronary artery calcification in patients with severe calcification, potentially reducing cardiovascular events and death.

RCTLarge Human Trial

2023·

3citations

·S. Hasific et al.

In vitro vitamin K(2) and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) combination enhances osteoblasts anabolism of diabetic mice.

Vitamin K2 and 1,25(OH)2D3 combination enhances osteoblast anabolism in diabetic mice, potentially offering a novel therapeutic strategy for treating diabetes-associated osteoporosis.

Non-RCTAnimal StudyRigorous Journal

2015·

32citations

·C. W. Poon et al.

The Combination of Ultraviolet-B and Vitamin K2 Exposure Effect on Fibroblast-like cell Number in Wistar Rats

The combination of UV-B exposure and vitamin K2 administration increases fibroblast-like cell number in Wistar rats, potentially benefiting bone formation.

RCT

2023·

0citations

·S. C. Nelwan et al.

Therapeutic effects of systemic vitamin k2 and vitamin d3 on gingival inflammation and alveolar bone in rats with experimentally induced periodontitis.

Vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 supplementation alone or in combination did not significantly affect gingival inflammation or alveolar bone levels in rats with experimental periodontitis.

2015·

24citations

·K. Aral et al.

Effects of Combined Vitamin K2 and Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Na[18F]F PET/MRI in Patients with Carotid Artery Disease: The INTRICATE Rationale and Trial Design

Combined vitamin K2 and vitamin D3 supplementation may reduce micro-calcification in carotid artery disease patients, potentially opening new avenues for future large-scale randomized controlled trials.

RCTVery Rigorous Journal

2021·

2citations

·A. Florea et al.

A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study with vitamin D3 and estrogen-progestin therapy.

Vitamin K2 therapy may help prevent postmenopausal spinal bone mineral loss, but it should be started early in the postmenopausal period.

RCTHighly Cited

1999·

92citations

·I. Iwamoto et al.

Vitamin D3 and K2 and their potential contribution to reducing the COVID-19 mortality rate

Optimizing vitamin D3 levels, along with vitamin K2 and magnesium, may help reduce COVID-19 mortality rates and address vitamin D deficiency.

2020·

34citations

·Simon Goddek

Adverse events from large dose vitamin D supplementation taken for one year or longer

Long-term high-dose vitamin D supplementation did not significantly increase the risk of total adverse events or kidney stones, but there was a trend towards increased hypercalcemia and possibly hypercalciuria.

Systematic Review

2019·

53citations

·Z. Malihi et al.

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