Water soluble vitamins
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Understanding Water-Soluble Vitamins: Importance, Bioaccessibility, and Supplementation
Introduction to Water-Soluble Vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins are essential organic compounds that dissolve in water and are not stored in the body, necessitating a continuous daily intake through diet. This group includes the B-complex vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folate, and cobalamin) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 78. These vitamins play crucial roles in energy production, redox status, and the transfer of single-carbon units, among other physiological functions 7.
Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Water-Soluble Vitamins
The bioaccessibility of water-soluble vitamins refers to the proportion of the vitamin that is released from food and becomes available for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Factors such as temperature, pH, dietary fiber, and the presence of inhibitors can significantly affect the bioaccessibility of these vitamins. For instance, vitamin C, folate, and certain forms of vitamin B6 are particularly sensitive to temperature and acidity, which can lead to decreased bioaccessibility in the small intestine 3. Additionally, metal ions, polypeptides, polysaccharides, and digestive enzyme inhibitors can negatively impact the bioaccessibility of these vitamins 3.
Analytical Methods for Water-Soluble Vitamins
Recent advances in analytical methods have improved the simultaneous determination of water-soluble vitamins in various preparations. Techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) are commonly used for their quantification due to their suitability and selectivity 25. These methods are essential for stability testing, shelf-life determination, and routine assay analysis of water-soluble vitamins in complex food samples 25.
Supplementation and Clinical Implications
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and Water-Soluble Vitamins
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often experience increased demand and loss of water-soluble vitamins due to the disease progression and dialysis treatments. Supplementation of these vitamins can help reduce oxidative stress and cover the increased demand and losses. For instance, folate and cobalamin supplementation may benefit patients in the later stages of CKD, while niacin supplementation can help lower phosphate levels in stages 3b and beyond 1. However, high doses of B vitamins may exacerbate left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in CKD patients, indicating the need for careful management of supplementation 1.
Peritoneal Dialysis and Vitamin Requirements
Peritoneal dialysis patients also require careful management of water-soluble vitamin intake due to dialysis-related losses. Supplementation is recommended to ensure adequate levels of these vitamins, which are crucial for maintaining overall health and preventing deficiencies 9.
Stability and Delivery Systems
Water-soluble vitamins are highly sensitive to external conditions such as temperature, light, pH, moisture, and oxygen, which can lead to degradation during processing and storage. Microencapsulation techniques, such as electrospinning and spray-drying, have been developed to protect these vitamins and enhance their bioavailability and stability. These methods create delivery systems that surround the active compounds with polymeric agents, ensuring effective delivery and maintaining the vitamins' bioaccessibility 6.
Conclusion
Water-soluble vitamins are indispensable for various physiological functions and require continuous dietary intake due to their inability to be stored in the body. Understanding the factors affecting their bioaccessibility and employing advanced analytical methods are crucial for ensuring adequate intake and preventing deficiencies. Supplementation, particularly in clinical settings such as CKD and peritoneal dialysis, must be carefully managed to balance benefits and potential risks. Advances in delivery systems further enhance the stability and effectiveness of these essential micronutrients.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Demand for Water-Soluble Vitamins in a Group of Patients with CKD versus Interventions and Supplementation—A Systematic Review
Vitamin supplementation in chronic kidney disease patients may improve treatment outcomes and maintain a disease-free condition, but excessive doses may exacerbate dialysis-related issues.
Systematic ReviewA comprehensive approach for the simultaneous analysis of all main water-soluble vitamins in multivitamin preparations by a stability-indicating HPLC-DAD method.
The developed HPLC-DAD method effectively reveals higher amounts of water-soluble vitamins in multivitamin preparations, indicating stability and shelf-life determination.
The bioaccessibility of water-soluble vitamins: A review
Bioaccessibility of water-soluble vitamins may decrease due to factors such as temperature, acidity, metal ions, digestive enzyme inhibitors, dietary fiber, and binding proteins.
Literature ReviewNew Methods for the Analysis of Water-Soluble Vitamins in Infant Formula and Adult/Pediatric Nutritionals.
New methods for analyzing water-soluble vitamins in infant formula and adult nutritionals provide more accurate and reliable results.
Recent trends in analytical methods for water-soluble vitamins.
Recent advances in analytical methods for water-soluble vitamins include liquid chromatography, electrophoresis, and HILIC for simultaneous analysis of water-soluble vitamins and their homologs in complex food samples.
Recent Advances in Water-Soluble Vitamins Delivery Systems Prepared by Mechanical Processes (Electrospinning and Spray-Drying Techniques) for Food and Nutraceuticals Applications—A Review
Electrospinning and spray-drying techniques effectively protect water-soluble vitamins' bioavailability, stability, and effectiveness in food and nutraceutical applications.
Literature Review
Rigorous JournalWater soluble vitamins and peritoneal dialysis - State of the art.
Water soluble vitamins supplementation is beneficial for patients on peritoneal dialysis, as it helps maintain vitamin requirements, dietary intake, and metabolism.
Systematic Review
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