What are steroids
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Understanding Steroids: Types, Functions, and Effects
Introduction to Steroids
Steroids are complex lipophilic molecules that play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes in the body. They are synthesized from cholesterol in specialized endocrine cells located in the adrenal gland, ovary, and testis, and are released into the bloodstream as needed1. Steroids can be broadly categorized into two main types: steroid hormones and anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS).
Steroid Hormones: Types and Functions
Types of Steroid Hormones
Steroid hormones are classified into five main groups based on their physiological functions:
- Mineralocorticoids: These hormones, such as aldosterone, regulate sodium retention in the renal tubules8.
- Glucocorticoids: Known for their carbohydrate-mobilizing properties, glucocorticoids like cortisol also have various other effects8.
- Estrogens: These hormones induce female secondary sexual characteristics8.
- Progestins: Essential for reproduction, progestins play a key role in the reproductive system8.
- Androgens: These hormones, including testosterone, induce male secondary sexual characteristics8.
Functions of Steroid Hormones
Steroid hormones move freely into cells and activate intracellular nuclear receptors, which function as multi-domain ligand-dependent transcriptional regulators in the cell nucleus. These activated nuclear receptors modify the expression of hundreds to thousands of specific target genes in the genome1. For instance, in the fetus, steroid hormones play developmental roles in the respiratory system, brain, and cardiovascular system1.
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS)
What Are AAS?
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone. They are used both legally and illegally to enhance athletic performance and physical appearance2 3.
Effects of AAS
AAS have potent anabolic effects on the musculoskeletal system, including increasing lean body mass, muscle fiber hypertrophy, and muscle strength2. However, their use is associated with several adverse effects, including liver damage, alterations in serum lipids, psychological and behavioral changes, and reproductive system issues3 9. Despite these risks, AAS remain popular among athletes and bodybuilders for their performance-enhancing properties2 9.
Health Risks and Side Effects
The use of AAS can lead to significant health risks, including cardiovascular issues such as cardiomegaly and left ventricular hypertrophy, which can increase the risk of sudden cardiac death10. Other side effects include acne, mood alterations, and increased aggression7 9. Long-term use can also disrupt the body's natural hormone production, leading to persistent endocrine issues9.
Steroids and the Brain
Steroids also play significant roles in brain functions, including the regulation of socio-sexual behavior, aggression, neurogenesis, learning, memory, stress, cognition, mood, and emotion5. Malfunctions in steroid synthesis and signaling are linked to various disorders such as gender dysphoria, anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorder, and Alzheimer's disease5.
Conclusion
Steroids, both natural and synthetic, have profound effects on the human body. While steroid hormones are essential for various physiological processes, the misuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids poses significant health risks. Understanding the functions and potential dangers of these substances is crucial for both medical professionals and the general public.
Sources and full results
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