What are the 12 social determinants of health
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Understanding the 12 Social Determinants of Health
Introduction to Social Determinants of Health
Social determinants of health (SDH) are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, and they significantly influence health outcomes. These determinants are shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels 12. The World Health Organization (WHO) has emphasized that addressing these determinants is crucial for reducing health disparities and promoting health equity 36.
Key Social Determinants of Health
1. Income and Social Status
Income and social status are fundamental determinants of health. Higher income and social status are associated with better health outcomes, as they provide access to resources that promote health, such as nutritious food, safe housing, and healthcare services 135.
2. Education
Education is a critical determinant of health, influencing health literacy, employment opportunities, and income levels. Higher educational attainment is linked to better health outcomes and longer life expectancy 125.
3. Employment and Working Conditions
Employment provides income and a sense of purpose, while working conditions can affect physical and mental health. Job security, safe working environments, and fair wages are essential for good health 125.
4. Social Support Networks
Strong social support networks, including family, friends, and community connections, are vital for mental and physical health. Social support can buffer against stress and promote healthy behaviors 359.
5. Physical Environment
The physical environment, including housing quality, neighborhood safety, and access to green spaces, significantly impacts health. Poor housing conditions and unsafe neighborhoods can lead to adverse health outcomes 157.
6. Access to Health Services
Access to healthcare services is crucial for preventing and managing diseases. Barriers to healthcare, such as cost, transportation, and availability of services, can lead to unmet health needs and poorer health outcomes 136.
7. Gender
Gender influences health through biological differences and social roles. Women and men may face different health risks and access to healthcare, influenced by societal norms and gender-based discrimination 56.
8. Race and Ethnicity
Racial and ethnic disparities in health are driven by social, economic, and environmental factors. Discrimination and systemic racism contribute to health inequities among different racial and ethnic groups 368.
9. Early Childhood Development
Early childhood experiences, including nutrition, education, and social support, shape long-term health outcomes. Adverse childhood experiences can lead to chronic health conditions in adulthood 59.
10. Food Security
Access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food is essential for health. Food insecurity can lead to malnutrition, obesity, and other health problems 59.
11. Social Exclusion
Social exclusion, including discrimination and marginalization, negatively impacts health. It can limit access to resources, opportunities, and social support, leading to poorer health outcomes 368.
12. Health Behaviors
Health behaviors, such as diet, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption, are influenced by social determinants. Promoting healthy behaviors requires addressing the social and environmental factors that shape them 910.
Conclusion
Addressing the social determinants of health is essential for reducing health disparities and promoting health equity. By understanding and targeting these determinants, policymakers, healthcare providers, and communities can work together to create healthier environments and improve health outcomes for all individuals.
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