What causes rectal cancer
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Causes and Risk Factors of Rectal Cancer
Introduction to Rectal Cancer
Rectal cancer is a type of cancer where malignant cells form in the tissues of the rectum, the lower part of the colon that connects the anus to the large bowel. This disease often develops over several years and is influenced by various risk factors and underlying causes.
Age and Family History
One of the primary risk factors for rectal cancer is age, particularly for individuals over 50 years old. Family history also plays a significant role; having relatives with colorectal cancer or polyps increases one's risk.
Lifestyle Factors: Diet, Smoking, and Alcohol
Dietary habits, especially a high-fat diet, are linked to an increased risk of rectal cancer. Smoking and alcohol consumption are also significant risk factors. These lifestyle choices contribute to the development of cancerous cells in the rectum .
Environmental Factors
Environmental factors, such as exposure to polluted surface water, have been associated with a higher risk of rectal cancer. These factors can introduce carcinogens into the body, which may lead to the development of cancerous cells in the rectum.
Medical History: Polyps and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Individuals with a history of colorectal polyps or inflammatory bowel disease are at a higher risk of developing rectal cancer. These conditions can cause changes in the rectal tissues, making them more susceptible to cancer.
Plasma Creatinine Levels
Higher levels of plasma creatinine have been associated with an increased risk of death in patients with rectal cancer. This suggests that metabolic changes in the body, such as those related to muscle mass, may influence cancer outcomes.
Psychological and Sexual Distress
Patients with rectal cancer often experience psychological and sexual distress, which can affect their overall well-being and quality of life. These factors, while not direct causes, can complicate the management and treatment of the disease .
Histopathological Factors
Certain histopathological factors, such as lymphovascular invasion (LVI), extramural venous invasion (EMVI), and poor differentiation of cancer cells, are predictive of local recurrence in rectal cancer. These factors indicate a more aggressive form of the disease and may necessitate additional adjuvant therapy to reduce the risk of recurrence.
Conclusion
Rectal cancer is influenced by a combination of genetic, lifestyle, environmental, and medical factors. Understanding these risk factors is crucial for early detection, prevention, and effective management of the disease. Regular screening and a multidisciplinary approach to treatment can significantly improve patient outcomes.
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