What cells make antibodies
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Cells Responsible for Antibody Production
Antibody-Secreting Cells (ASCs)
Plasmablasts and Plasma Cells
Antibodies are produced by specialized cells known as antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), which include plasmablasts and plasma cells. Plasmablasts are rapidly produced, short-lived cells that are part of the early antibody response, while plasma cells are long-lived and provide lasting humoral immunity 135. These cells are derived from B cell precursors and undergo a process of differentiation that is regulated by a complex network of cellular and molecular mechanisms .
Differentiation from B Cells
The differentiation of ASCs from B cells can occur through two main pathways: extrafollicular differentiation or germinal center (GC) reactions within secondary lymphoid organs. Extrafollicular differentiation typically results in the formation of plasmablasts, which secrete lower-affinity antibodies. In contrast, GC reactions produce highly matured plasma cells that secrete higher-affinity antibodies .
Clonal Selection and Somatic Hypermutation
Each B cell produces antibodies with unique specificity, a result of ordered gene rearrangements. During immune responses, a process called somatic hypermutation further diversifies the antibody repertoire. Only B cells that produce high-affinity antibodies survive and differentiate into memory cells or ASCs, ensuring a highly specific and effective immune response .
Functional and Molecular Specialization
ASCs are unique in their gene expression and metabolic pathways, which enable them to produce and secrete large quantities of antibodies. This specialization includes high rates of immunoglobulin gene transcription, translation, assembly, and secretion . Single-cell technologies have been developed to study the functional and transcriptional diversity of ASCs, providing insights into their role in the immune response .
Anatomical Localization
ASCs are found in various anatomical locations, including the red pulp of the spleen, medullary areas of lymph nodes, submucosa of the ileum, and portal connective tissue of the liver. These cells can be identified by their distinct morphology, which includes a basophilic cytoplasm and a large nucleus 78.
Conclusion
In summary, antibody production is primarily carried out by plasmablasts and plasma cells, which are derived from B cells. These ASCs undergo a complex differentiation process and are highly specialized to produce and secrete antibodies efficiently. Understanding the regulation and function of these cells is crucial for insights into immune responses and potential therapeutic interventions.
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