What does angiotensin do
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The Multifaceted Role of Angiotensin in Human Physiology
Angiotensin II and Cardiovascular Health
Angiotensin II in Myocardial Hypertrophy and Heart Failure
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a critical hormone in the progression of myocardial hypertrophy to heart failure. It exerts direct effects on cardiomyocytes and interacts with various components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and other hormones and cytokines. Ang II's actions are mediated by different isoforms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and at least two receptor subtypes, AT1 and AT2, which are differentially expressed in cardiomyocytes from neonatal, adult, and failing hearts. The intracellular effects of Ang II involve nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP-dependent cross-talk and the release of autocrine factors like transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and interleukin (IL)-6.
Angiotensin II and Blood Pressure Regulation
Ang II plays a significant role in regulating blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis. It mediates vasoconstriction, facilitates sympathetic transmission, stimulates aldosterone release, and promotes cellular growth, primarily through the AT1 receptor. The AT2 receptor, although less understood, is implicated in anti-proliferation, cellular differentiation, apoptosis, and vasodilation.
Angiotensin II in the Central Nervous System
Regulation of Body Fluid Volume and Blood Pressure
In the central nervous system, Ang II is involved in regulating body fluid volume in response to hypovolemia. This includes inducing thirst, increasing blood pressure, releasing vasopressin, and stimulating sodium appetite and excretion, as well as ACTH and aldosterone release. These functions are crucial for blood pressure control and the management of hypertension.
Neurotransmitter Interactions and Behavioral Effects
Ang II also interacts with neurotransmitters such as catecholamines, serotonin, and prostaglandins, affecting motivation, memory, and motor control. However, the extent of Ang II's role in these functions remains to be fully elucidated.
Angiotensin-(1-7): A Counterregulatory Peptide
Opposing Actions to Angiotensin II
Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) is a biologically active component of the RAS that often counteracts the effects of Ang II. It is formed from Ang I or Ang II through the action of ACE2 and exerts vasodilatory, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory effects . Ang-(1-7) binds to the Mas receptor, leading to actions that oppose the vasoconstrictive and proliferative effects of Ang II .
Cardiovascular and Renal Protective Effects
Ang-(1-7) has been shown to counteract Ang II-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, as well as vascular remodeling and hemorrhagic stroke, through the NFκB inflammatory pathway. This peptide also plays a role in increasing glomerular filtration rate, urinary output, and sodium excretion, contributing to the regulation of hydroelectrolytic balance.
Angiotensin II in Reproductive Functions
Role in Ovarian and Testicular Physiology
The reproductive system expresses ACE2 abundantly, enabling the generation of Ang-(1-7) from precursor peptides. Ang-(1-7) stimulates ovarian follicle growth, oocyte maturation, and ovulation, and is involved in the maternal adaptive response to pregnancy. In males, Ang-(1-7) contributes to normal spermatogenesis and penile erection through its vasorelaxant effects.
Conclusion
Angiotensin II is a multifaceted hormone with significant roles in cardiovascular health, central nervous system functions, and reproductive physiology. Its effects are mediated through complex interactions with various receptors and signaling pathways. Angiotensin-(1-7) serves as a counterregulatory peptide, often opposing the actions of Ang II and providing protective effects in cardiovascular and renal systems. Understanding these mechanisms offers potential therapeutic avenues for treating hypertension, heart failure, and reproductive dysfunctions.
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