What are the environmental and health risks associated with nanomaterials?
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Environmental and Health Risks Associated with Nanomaterials
Introduction to Nanomaterials and Their Growing Use
Nanomaterials (NMs) are increasingly being used in various innovative products due to their unique properties. However, their potential risks to the environment and human health are not fully understood . This article synthesizes current research on the environmental and health risks associated with nanomaterials, focusing on key findings from multiple studies.
Environmental Risks of Nanomaterials
Impact on Aquatic Environments
Nanomaterials can pose significant risks to aquatic environments. Studies have shown that nanoparticles can bind and transport toxic chemical pollutants, potentially leading to harmful effects on aquatic animals. The main environmental risks are associated with metals and metal oxides, which can affect algae and Daphnia due to exposure to both particles and ions. Additionally, the release of nanomaterials into surface water and soil near point sources like wastewater effluent and sewage sludge requires careful monitoring.
Environmental Fate and Transformation
The environmental fate and transformation of nanomaterials are critical in determining their risks. Released nanomaterials from consumer products may undergo various transformation processes, which can alter their environmental impact. These transformations can either increase or decrease their toxicity, depending on the material and environmental conditions. Therefore, it is essential to study the behavior of transformed nanomaterials rather than just their pristine forms.
Ecotoxicity and Environmental Concentrations
Current data suggest that typical nanomaterials like TiO2, Ag, CuO, and graphene do not pose a high risk when comparing environmental concentrations with predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs). However, environmental factors such as sunlight irradiation, natural organic matter, and mineral particles can influence nanotoxicity, necessitating further research to understand these interactions better.
Health Risks of Nanomaterials
Occupational Exposure and Health Effects
Occupational exposure to nanomaterials, particularly through inhalation, is a significant concern. Workers exposed to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carbon nanofibers (CNF) may experience immunological effects, lung inflammation, and signs of asthma. MWCNTs have also been identified as possible human carcinogens. The lack of occupational exposure limits (OEL) for nanomaterials complicates the assessment of these risks.
Human Exposure Pathways
Human exposure to nanomaterials can occur through various pathways, including inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. The interaction of nanomaterials with biological systems can lead to toxic effects, influenced by their size, charge, surface functionalization, and chemical composition. However, the specific molecular interactions and long-term health effects remain poorly understood, highlighting the need for more comprehensive studies.
Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs
There are significant knowledge gaps in understanding the environmental, health, and safety (EHS) risks of nanomaterials. Improved testing procedures, better characterization of nanomaterials, and more detailed exposure assessments are needed to reduce uncertainties and make informed decisions about their use. Research should prioritize developing new methods to address the unique properties of nanomaterials and their interactions with biological systems.
Conclusion
While nanomaterials offer numerous benefits, their potential environmental and health risks require careful consideration. Current research indicates that metals and metal oxides pose the most significant environmental risks, particularly in aquatic environments. Occupational exposure to certain nanomaterials can lead to serious health effects, but more research is needed to fully understand these risks. Addressing the knowledge gaps and improving testing methodologies will be crucial in ensuring the safe use of nanomaterials in the future.
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