What is diabetes mellitus

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Understanding Diabetes Mellitus: Definition, Types, and Complications

Definition and Description of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both Basevi20112T2010+1 MORE. This persistent high blood sugar can lead to long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, particularly the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels Basevi20112T2010+1 MORE. The underlying issue in diabetes is the deficient action of insulin on target tissues, which can result from inadequate insulin secretion or diminished tissue responses to insulin Basevi20112T2010+1 MORE.

Pathogenesis and Types of Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is primarily caused by an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion due to autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β-cells Katsarou2017Syed2022. This type of diabetes often manifests in childhood or adolescence but can occur at any age Katsarou2017Syed2022. Individuals at risk can be identified by the presence of specific autoantibodies and genetic markers Katsarou2017Syed2022. Management of T1DM requires lifelong insulin replacement therapy Katsarou2017Syed2022.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is more prevalent and results from a combination of resistance to insulin action and an inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response Basevi20112T2010+1 MORE. Unlike T1DM, T2DM can remain asymptomatic for a long period, during which abnormal carbohydrate metabolism can be detected through plasma glucose measurements Basevi20112T2010+1 MORE. Management may include lifestyle changes, oral glucose-lowering agents, and sometimes insulin Basevi20112T2010+1 MORE.

Symptoms and Acute Complications

Symptoms of marked hyperglycemia include polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), weight loss, polyphagia (excessive hunger), and blurred vision Basevi20112T2010+1 MORE. Chronic hyperglycemia can also impair growth and increase susceptibility to infections Basevi20112T2010+1 MORE. Acute, life-threatening complications of uncontrolled diabetes include diabetic ketoacidosis and the nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome Basevi20112T2010+1 MORE.

Long-term Complications

Long-term complications of diabetes are extensive and include:

Retinopathy: Potential loss of vision Basevi20112T2010+1 MORE.
Nephropathy: Leading to renal failure Basevi20112T2010+1 MORE.
Peripheral Neuropathy: Risk of foot ulcers, amputations, and Charcot joints Basevi20112T2010+1 MORE.
Autonomic Neuropathy: Causing gastrointestinal, genitourinary, cardiovascular symptoms, and sexual dysfunction Basevi20112T2010+1 MORE.
Cardiovascular Diseases: Increased incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular, peripheral arterial, and cerebrovascular disease Basevi20112T2010+1 MORE.

Conclusion

Diabetes Mellitus is a complex group of metabolic disorders with significant health implications. Understanding its types, symptoms, and complications is crucial for effective management and prevention of long-term damage. Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes require careful monitoring and tailored treatment strategies to manage blood glucose levels and mitigate associated risks.

Sources and full results

Most relevant research papers on this topic

Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin secretion or insulin action, leading to long-term damage and dysfunction of various organs.

Literature ReviewRigorous Journal

2011·

20802citations

·V. Basevi

Diabetes Care·

DOI

Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus The information that follows is based largely on the reports of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183–1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160–3167, 2003).

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin secretion or insulin action, leading to long-term damage and dysfunction of various organs.

Rigorous Journal

2008·

1746citations

Diabetes Care·

DOI

Report of the Committee on the Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases involving various metabolic disorders, with a wide range of clinical presentations, influenced by the degree of metabolic disorder.

2010·

2167citations

·Y. Seino et al.

Journal of Diabetes Investigation·

DOI

Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both, leading to long-term damage and dysfunction of various organs.

Literature ReviewRigorous Journal

2010·

509citations

·P. O S I T I O N S T A T E M E N T

Diabetes Care·

DOI

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disease characterized by insulin deficiency due to pancreatic -cell loss, with a cure not yet available.

Literature Review

2017·

923citations

·A. Katsarou et al.

Nature Reviews Disease Primers·

DOI

Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease.

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammation of the gums, leading to tooth loss and affecting the gums, bone, and blood vessels.

Literature Review

2007·

386citations

·B. Mealey et al.

Periodontology 2000·

DOI

Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both, leading to long-term damage and dysfunction of various organs.

Literature ReviewRigorous Journal

2009·

347citations

·K. Alberti et al.

Diabetes Care·

DOI

Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both, with long-term damage to various organs and increased risk of complications.

Literature ReviewRigorous Journal

2011·

954citations

Diabetes Care·

DOI

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic endocrine disorder in which pancreatic cells stop producing insulin, leading to hyperglycemia and ketosis, with a focus on optimizing glucose control to reduce acute and long-term complications.

Literature ReviewRigorous Journal

2022·

118citations

·F. Syed

Annals of Internal Medicine·

DOI

Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus The information that follows is based largely on the reports of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (Diabetes Care 20:1183–1197, 1997, and Diabetes Care 26:3160–3167, 2003).

Type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of insulin resistance and insulin deficiency, with autoimmune destruction of pancreatic b-cells as a primary cause.

Rigorous Journal

2006·

878citations

Diabetes Care·

DOI

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