What is scurvy disease
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Understanding Scurvy Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
Vitamin C Deficiency and Scurvy
Scurvy is a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), an essential nutrient that plays a critical role in collagen synthesis, iron absorption, and antioxidant functions . Historically, scurvy was prevalent among sailors who had limited access to fresh fruits and vegetables during long sea voyages. Today, it is rare in developed countries but can still occur in specific populations, such as the elderly, alcoholics, individuals with poor dietary habits, and those with certain medical conditions .
Clinical Features and Symptoms of Scurvy
The clinical presentation of scurvy is varied and can affect multiple organ systems due to its role in connective tissue synthesis. Common symptoms include lethargy, purpuric lesions, myalgia, gingival bleeding, arthralgias, skin discoloration, impaired wound healing, perifollicular hemorrhage, and ecchymoses . In advanced stages, scurvy can lead to severe complications such as spontaneous bleeding, infections, and even sudden death if left untreated .
Misdiagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Scurvy can mimic several other conditions, making its diagnosis challenging. It is often misdiagnosed as vasculitis, blood dyscrasias, ulcerative gingivitis, autoimmune diseases, infections, and neoplasia due to overlapping symptoms . Common findings such as normal nutritional status, anemia, or elevated inflammatory markers can further mislead clinicians. Therefore, a thorough dietary history and physical examination are crucial for accurate diagnosis.
Populations at Risk
While scurvy is rare in high-income countries, it has been increasingly reported in children with abnormal dietary habits, mental or physical disabilities, and those with avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder, particularly in children with autism spectrum disorder . Additionally, individuals with restrictive dietary habits, post-gastrointestinal surgery, or malabsorption issues are also at risk .
Diagnostic Approach
The gold standard for diagnosing scurvy is the measurement of serum vitamin C levels. Imaging studies performed by an expert radiologist can also reveal typical features of scurvy, aiding in the diagnosis. Early recognition and diagnosis are essential to avoid unnecessary investigations and prevent potentially fatal complications .
Treatment and Prevention
Scurvy is effectively treated and prevented through vitamin C supplementation. Even individuals with advanced disease respond favorably to vitamin C administration . Ensuring an adequate intake of vitamin C through a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables is the best preventive measure against scurvy .
Conclusion
Scurvy, though a historical disease, remains relevant today, particularly among specific at-risk populations. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and diagnostic challenges is crucial for timely and effective treatment. With proper dietary intake and awareness, scurvy can be easily prevented and managed.
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