What are the symptoms of anal cancer?
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Symptoms of Anal Cancer
Early Symptoms of Anal Cancer
Small, Early Cancers
Small, early-stage anal cancers are often discovered incidentally during the removal of anal tags. These early cancers may not present with significant symptoms, making them harder to detect without a thorough examination.
Advanced Symptoms of Anal Cancer
Mass and Non-Healing Ulcers
As anal cancer progresses, it can manifest as a noticeable mass or non-healing ulcers in the anal region. These physical changes are often the first signs that prompt individuals to seek medical attention.
Pain and Discomfort
Pain is a common symptom of anal cancer, particularly in more advanced stages. Patients frequently report anal or perianal pain, which can be severe and persistent. Painful defecation is also a notable symptom, often associated with more advanced disease stages .
Rectal Bleeding
Rectal bleeding is one of the most prevalent symptoms of anal cancer, occurring in a significant majority of patients. This symptom can range from minor spotting to more substantial bleeding, prompting medical evaluation.
Itching and Discharge
Anal itching and discharge are additional symptoms that can indicate the presence of anal cancer. These symptoms are often accompanied by other signs such as pain and bleeding, contributing to the overall discomfort experienced by patients.
Faecal Incontinence
In some cases, anal cancer can lead to faecal incontinence, where patients lose control over bowel movements. This symptom is particularly distressing and can significantly impact the quality of life.
Weight Loss and Foreign Body Sensation
Unexplained weight loss and a sensation of a foreign body in the anal region are also reported by patients with anal cancer. These symptoms are more commonly associated with advanced stages of the disease and can indicate a more severe prognosis.
Physical Examination Findings
Visible Tumor and Palpable Resistance
During physical examinations, a visible tumor or palpable resistance in the anal region is often detected. These findings are critical for diagnosing and staging the cancer.
Pain and Blood During Digital Rectal Examination
Pain and the presence of blood during a digital rectal examination are significant indicators of anal cancer. These findings help in assessing the extent and severity of the disease.
Conclusion
Anal cancer presents with a variety of symptoms that can range from mild discomfort to severe pain and bleeding. Early detection is challenging due to the subtle nature of initial symptoms, but as the disease progresses, more pronounced signs such as a mass, non-healing ulcers, and significant pain become evident. Regular medical check-ups and prompt attention to symptoms like rectal bleeding, pain, and faecal incontinence are crucial for early diagnosis and effective treatment.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic
Anal cancer: ESMO clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.
Presenting symptoms predict local staging of anal cancer: a retrospective analysis of 86 patients
Persistent pain in anal cancer survivors
Management of late adverse effects after chemoradiation for anal cancer
Self-reported anal symptoms and their association with anal pathology among gay and bisexual men: a cross-sectional observational analysis.
Anal cancer: an overview.
Quality of life in patients treated for anal carcinoma—a systematic literature review
Malignant anal tumours
Squamous cell anal cancer: Management and therapeutic options
Cancer of the anal region.
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