What are the symptoms of parasomnias?
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Symptoms of Parasomnias: An Overview
Parasomnias are a group of sleep disorders characterized by abnormal behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, during sleep, or upon waking. These disorders can be distressing and sometimes hazardous to both the sleeper and their bed partner. Below, we explore the various symptoms associated with different types of parasomnias.
Non-REM Parasomnias: Sleepwalking, Sleep Terrors, and Confusional Arousals
Sleepwalking
Sleepwalking, or somnambulism, involves getting out of bed and walking around while still asleep. Individuals may perform complex behaviors such as dressing or even driving, often with no memory of the event upon waking . The lifetime prevalence of sleepwalking is approximately 22.4%, with a current prevalence of 1.7%.
Sleep Terrors
Sleep terrors are episodes of intense fear, screaming, and flailing while still asleep. These episodes are more common in children and typically occur within the first few hours of sleep . The lifetime prevalence of sleep terrors is around 10.4%, with a current prevalence of 2.7%.
Confusional Arousals
Confusional arousals involve waking up in a confused state, often with disorientation and slow thinking. These episodes can include inappropriate behaviors and speech . The lifetime prevalence is 18.5%, with a current prevalence of 6.9%.
REM Parasomnias: REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Nightmares
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)
RBD is characterized by the enactment of dreams, often involving violent or aggressive behaviors due to a lack of muscle atonia during REM sleep. Patients may recall the dream content vividly . The prevalence of RBD is lower compared to other parasomnias, but it is strongly associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease.
Nightmares
Nightmares are vivid, disturbing dreams that often result in awakening and can cause significant distress. They are more common in children but can persist into adulthood . The lifetime prevalence of nightmares is 66.2%, with a current prevalence of 19.4%.
Other Parasomnias: Bruxism, Rhythmic Movement Disorder, and Sleep Paralysis
Bruxism
Bruxism involves grinding or clenching of the teeth during sleep, which can lead to dental damage if severe.
Rhythmic Movement Disorder
This disorder includes repetitive movements such as head banging or body rocking, typically occurring at sleep onset or during the night.
Sleep Paralysis
Sleep paralysis is the temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or upon waking. It is often accompanied by hallucinations and can be a frightening experience . The prevalence of sleep paralysis is around 22.3% in individuals with psychiatric disorders.
Impact of Maternal Depression and Pregnancy on Parasomnias
Maternal Depression
Children of mothers with chronic depressive symptoms are more likely to experience parasomnias such as confusional arousals, sleepwalking, night terrors, and nightmares.
Pregnancy
Pregnancy can increase the prevalence of parasomnias, including sleepwalking, night terrors, vivid dreams, and nightmares. These symptoms often decrease after childbirth.
Conclusion
Parasomnias encompass a wide range of symptoms that can significantly impact the quality of life for sufferers and their families. Understanding these symptoms is crucial for diagnosis and treatment. While many parasomnias are more common in children and may decrease with age, they can persist into adulthood and are often associated with other medical or psychiatric conditions. Effective management typically involves a combination of behavioral strategies, safety precautions, and, in some cases, medication.
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