Zero energy universe
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Zero Energy Universe: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction to the Zero Energy Universe Hypothesis
The Zero Energy Universe (ZEU) hypothesis posits that the total energy of the universe is exactly zero. This means that the positive energy, in the form of matter and radiation, is perfectly balanced by the negative energy, primarily in the form of gravitational potential energy. This concept has profound implications for our understanding of cosmology, quantum mechanics, and the fundamental nature of the universe.
Theoretical Foundations and Calculations
Pseudo-Tensor Calculations and Equivalence Principle
One approach to understanding the zero energy universe involves pseudo-tensor calculations, which have shown that when calculations are performed correctly, the total energy of the universe is zero. This approach ties the equivalence principle with the nature of co-motional observers in cosmology, providing a novel justification for the zero-total energy result .
Algebra of Observables and Quantum Theory
Another perspective is provided by the algebra of observables, which uses momentum-energy and their canonical conjugate partner space-time. This framework, applied in both quantum and classical contexts, supports the zero-energy universe scenario by employing a non-positive definite metric. This approach unifies theories in chemical physics, biology, physics, and astronomy, and aligns with modern research on the arrows of time and Darwin's paradigm of evolution .
Implications for Cosmology and Quantum Mechanics
Conservation Laws and FRW Cosmologies
The conservation laws applied to Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmologies suggest that the total energy of the universe is zero, regardless of spatial curvature, when the cosmological constant is zero. This provides a useful constraint on early universe models and supports theories that the universe could arise from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum .
Extended Zero-Energy Hypothesis (eZEH)
The extended zero-energy hypothesis (eZEH) builds on the classical ZEUH by proposing new quantum implications. These include the existence of negative-energy spin-1 gravitons, which are theorized to be the main creators of 4D spacetime, and a black-hole associated Casimir effect that may inhibit Hawking radiation and explain the accelerated expansion of the universe 47.
Dark Energy and Gravitational Contributions
Gravito-Electro-Magnetic (GEM) Equations
Using the GEM equations, which are a form of Einstein's equations for low fields, it is derived that the total energy density of the universe, including gravitational fields, is near zero. This suggests that the universe could have developed from empty space-time or quantum fluctuations, with the average energy density being zero over large scales .
Gravitational Potential Energy and Universe Expansion
In models where gravitational potential energy is considered negative, it offsets the positive energy of matter. This balance is crucial for maintaining energy conservation as the universe expands. If newly appeared energy has antigravity or negative pressure characteristics, it could account for dark energy, providing insights into the current size and expansion of the universe .
Unification Theories and Quantum Implications
Superunification and Quantized Space-Time
The theory of Superunification challenges the zero-energy universe hypothesis by proposing a maximum energy level of the cosmic vacuum, due to a quantized space-time structure. This theory suggests that the energy accumulated in the quantized space-time is equivalent to the mass of the entire universe, indicating a hidden global energy .
Unified Theory of Physics
A unified theory of physics through the zero-energy universe model suggests that our universe, as part of a multiverse, produced symmetrical positive and negative energy universes. This theory explains the origins of baryonic-dark matter and dark energy, and provides a framework for understanding galaxy formation and the extreme force fields .
Conclusion
The zero energy universe hypothesis offers a compelling framework for understanding the balance of energies in the universe. Through various theoretical approaches and implications for cosmology and quantum mechanics, this hypothesis continues to provide valuable insights into the fundamental nature of our universe. The ongoing research and extended hypotheses further enrich our understanding, potentially leading to new discoveries in physics and cosmology.
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