antimicrobial resistance

Introduction

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant and growing public health threat worldwide. It occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve to resist the effects of antimicrobial drugs, making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death.

Key Insights

Misuse and Overuse of Antimicrobials:
- The misuse and overuse of antibiotics in both human medicine and agriculture are major contributors to the development of AMR .
Mechanisms of Resistance:
- Bacteria develop resistance through various mechanisms, including drug inactivation, target modification, reduced permeability, and efflux pumps .
Economic and Health Impact:
- AMR leads to increased healthcare costs due to longer hospital stays, the need for more expensive drugs, and higher mortality rates .
Global Spread and Persistence:
- The spread of resistant bacteria is a global issue, exacerbated by international travel and trade, and affects both hospital and community settings .
Horizontal Gene Transfer:
- Resistance genes can spread between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer, including conjugation, transformation, and transduction .
Specific Resistant Pathogens:
- Notable resistant pathogens include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria .

Conclusion

Antimicrobial resistance is a multifaceted problem driven by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, both in healthcare and agriculture. Bacteria employ various mechanisms to resist antimicrobial agents, leading to significant health and economic burdens globally. The spread of resistance is facilitated by horizontal gene transfer and affects both hospital and community settings. Addressing AMR requires coordinated global efforts to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use and enhance infection control measures.

Antimicrobial resistance

Summary

Introduction

Key Insights

Conclusion

Sources and full results

Antimicrobial Resistance

Antibiotic resistance in human and animal pathogens is mainly due to "misuse" of antibiotics, leading to the accumulation of resistant bacteria in their flora.

Antimicrobial Resistance: Implications and Costs

Antimicrobial resistance poses a global health threat and has complex impacts on patient, healthcare, and economic levels, with no clear progress to address its persistent trends.

Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance

Antimicrobial resistance is a major issue in both hospitals and communities, with five main mechanisms contributing to its emergence and reduced therapeutic value.

Antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health issue, with overprescribing, public expectations of needing antimicrobials for nonbacterial infections, excessive use in animal food production, and widespread use of cleansing products impregnated with antimicrobials being major contributors.

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, leading to difficult-to-treat infections and increased disease severity, with the World Health Organization estimating that by 2050, AMR will cause 10 million annual deaths.

Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria.

Bacteria can develop resistance to antimicrobial agents through various mechanisms, including intrinsic resistance, acquired resistance, and gene transfer from other organisms.

Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents

Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in bacteria include active efflux, reduced drug entry, enzymatic metabolism, biofilm formation, altered drug targets, and protection of antimicrobial targets.

New mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents.

Bacteria develop resistance to antimicrobial agents through a variety of mechanisms, leading to increased hospitalizations, longer stays, and increased death rates.

Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents.

Bacteria develop resistance to antimicrobial drugs through genetic and biochemical mechanisms, affecting their ability to kill pathogens and spread infection.

An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria

Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics through limiting uptake, modification of targets, inactivation, and active efflux, leading to limited treatment options and increased morbidity and mortality worldwide.

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