Does atenolol cause weight gain
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Does Atenolol Cause Weight Gain?
Introduction to Atenolol and Weight Gain
Atenolol, a cardio-selective beta-blocker, is commonly prescribed for managing hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions. However, concerns about potential side effects, including weight gain, have been raised by patients and healthcare providers.
Evidence from Animal Studies
Atenolol and Weight Gain in Mice
Research involving ob/ob mice, a model for obesity and diabetes, has shown that atenolol can exacerbate weight gain. In a study where atenolol was administered to these mice, an 8-10% increase in weight was observed compared to controls. This suggests that atenolol may contribute to weight gain in certain contexts, particularly in genetically predisposed models of obesity.
Comparative Studies with Other Beta-Blockers
In another study involving Wistar rats, atenolol was compared with propranolol, a non-selective beta-blocker. While propranolol significantly increased weight gain and altered metabolic parameters, atenolol did not show the same extent of adverse effects on weight and metabolism. This indicates that atenolol might be a better option than non-selective beta-blockers for patients concerned about weight gain.
Clinical Evidence in Humans
Atenolol and Weight Gain in Hypertensive Patients
A study involving hypertensive patients treated with a combination of nitrendipine and atenolol found a significant increase in body weight and fasting blood glucose levels over a 14-month period. This suggests that atenolol, when used in combination with other antihypertensive agents, may contribute to weight gain in overweight or obese patients.
Long-Term Observations
Long-term clinical trials have also reported weight gain associated with beta-blocker therapy. For instance, the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) observed a mean weight gain of 3.4 kg in patients treated with atenolol over nine years. This weight gain was sustained and independent of demographic variables, indicating a potential long-term side effect of atenolol.
Mechanisms Behind Weight Gain
Metabolic Changes
Beta-blockers, including atenolol, may cause weight gain through several mechanisms. These include a reduction in basal metabolic rate, decreased thermogenic response to meals, increased insulin resistance, and inhibition of lipolysis. These metabolic changes can lead to an overall increase in body weight.
Physical Activity and Exercise Tolerance
Another contributing factor is the potential reduction in physical activity due to fatigue or dyspnea associated with beta-blocker use. This decrease in exercise tolerance can further exacerbate weight gain.
Conclusion
In summary, evidence from both animal and human studies indicates that atenolol can contribute to weight gain, particularly in genetically predisposed individuals and when used in combination with other antihypertensive agents. The mechanisms behind this weight gain include metabolic changes and reduced physical activity. Patients and healthcare providers should consider these potential side effects when choosing antihypertensive therapy, especially for those who are overweight or obese.
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