Foreign direct investment
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Foreign Direct Investment: An Overview
Definition and Core Components of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is defined as the ownership and control of foreign productive assets by a multinational corporation or enterprise (MNC/MNE). It involves a lasting interest by an enterprise resident in one country in another enterprise in another country . This investment can take various forms, including setting up new wholly-owned affiliates, acquiring local companies, or forming joint ventures in the host economy.
Historical Growth and Global Trends in FDI
The rapid growth in FDI began post-World War II, driven by the globalization of industries and the need for cross-national production processes. Over the past few decades, FDI has expanded significantly, with global flows estimated at $1.4 trillion in 2012 . Notably, developing countries have increasingly attracted a larger share of global FDI, with over 50% of global FDI flowing to these regions in the first half of 2012 . China and the United States have been prominent recipients of FDI during this period .
Strategic Motivations and Benefits of FDI
FDI is a strategic option for firms seeking to secure a determining influence on overseas operations. Investors often provide additional resources such as knowledge, management techniques, technology, and marketing strategies . For host countries, FDI is seen as a source of financial capital, technological know-how, efficient managerial techniques, organizational skills, and access to international markets. It contributes to the creation of tangible and intangible assets, employment, and wealth in the host economy.
Theoretical Perspectives and Frameworks
Several intellectual perspectives have shaped the understanding of FDI. Theories by Coase, Hymer, and Penrose have been instrumental in shifting paradigms in this field . Dunning's OLI (Ownership, Location, and Internalization) framework remains a widely accepted theory for explaining the behavior of transnational enterprises and their FDI activities .
Regional and Sectoral Distribution of FDI
FDI is not uniformly distributed across regions or sectors. For instance, Danish firms have seen significant growth in FDI, particularly in industrial sectors, with large firms accounting for a substantial portion of Denmark's FDI stocks. In Asia, countries like Malaysia, India, Thailand, and Korea have benefited from substantial FDI inflows, boosting their economies and capital markets. The semiconductor industry and international mergers and acquisitions have also seen notable FDI activities.
Political and Economic Implications
The rise of FDI has brought about new governance challenges for both home and host governments. Issues such as nationalization of foreign-owned assets and the protection of these investments have led to the development of modern investment treaty regimes. These treaties aim to provide protection for a wide range of international investments, extending beyond FDI.
Conclusion
Foreign Direct Investment plays a crucial role in the global economy by facilitating cross-border economic activities, providing essential resources, and fostering economic growth in host countries. The strategic motivations behind FDI, coupled with its benefits, make it a vital component of economic globalization. As FDI continues to evolve, understanding its dynamics and implications remains essential for policymakers, businesses, and economists alike.
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