Social disparities in cambodia
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Social Disparities in Cambodia
Ethnic Minorities and Statelessness in Cambodia
Ethnic Vietnamese minorities in Cambodia face significant social exclusion due to discriminatory policies and practices. Despite being long-term residents, they are often regarded as "immigrants" by Cambodian authorities, which affects their access to citizenship and social rights. These policies create categories that determine social inclusion and exclusion, highlighting the ambivalence of law and rights as both tools for exclusion and instruments for contesting social exclusion.
Geographical and Socioeconomic Disparities in Child Mortality
Cambodia has made notable progress in reducing child mortality rates, but significant disparities remain. These disparities are particularly pronounced across different geographical regions and socioeconomic statuses. While national mortality rates for children under five have decreased, relative inequalities have increased, especially in neonatal mortality rates. Wealth and rural-urban divides contribute to these disparities, indicating that national progress has not been evenly distributed.
Living Arrangements and Socio-Demographic Conditions of Older Adults
Older adults in Cambodia often live with their children or other family members, similar to patterns observed in neighboring countries like Thailand and Vietnam. However, the legacy of past decades of instability and violence presents unique challenges for this demographic. There is a slight preference for living with daughters, and many older adults live with never-married children. These living arrangements reflect the socio-demographic conditions shaped by Cambodia's turbulent history.
Marginalized Groups and Social Exclusion
Cambodia's rapid political, economic, and social changes have placed new pressures on minority groups and vulnerable populations. Ethnic minorities, such as the Cham and other Muslim communities, face challenges due to transnational and cross-border influences. Additionally, landless individuals, street children, victims of domestic violence, and LGBTQ+ persons are systematically denied access to essential social resources, highlighting the pervasive nature of social exclusion in the country.
Gender Disparities in the Labor Market
Despite high female labor market participation rates, Cambodian women face significant horizontal and vertical gender inequalities. These disparities hinder stable income generation and affect the macroeconomic efficiency of the country. Gender stereotypes and structural barriers prevent women from achieving equal opportunities in the labor market, necessitating targeted programs to address these challenges.
Health Disparities and the Impact of International Aid
Cambodia's health sector has struggled to recover from its history of conflict, with high infant mortality rates and widespread poverty. Despite international aid efforts, disease and poverty continue to define life for many Cambodians. The effectiveness of aid projects varies, and there is a need for more sustainable and inclusive health interventions to improve the overall health outcomes for the population.
Social Isolation Among Cambodian Refugees in the US
Cambodian refugees in the United States, particularly elders and young people, experience significant social isolation. This isolation is linked to their traumatic experiences and presents challenges for community organizations aiming to provide support. Addressing social isolation through enhanced social connectedness and support networks is crucial for improving the health and well-being of these individuals.
Socio-Demographic Disparities Among People with Disabilities
People with disabilities in Cambodia face widening disparities based on age, economic status, and rural-urban residence. Older adults with disabilities, especially those without family care, are particularly vulnerable. Raising awareness and expanding social support systems are essential to address these disparities and improve the quality of life for disabled individuals.
Geo-Ethnic Inequalities in Child Development
Significant geo-ethnic inequalities exist in child development in Cambodia. Factors such as height-for-age, socioeconomic status, gender, and preschool participation influence developmental outcomes. Rural children, particularly from the Phnong ethnic group, face substantial inequities that are not fully explained by other indicators of inequality. Nutritional and preschool interventions are necessary to reduce these disparities.
Conclusion
Social disparities in Cambodia are multifaceted, affecting various demographic groups differently. Ethnic minorities, women, older adults, people with disabilities, and children from rural areas face significant challenges due to discriminatory policies, economic inequalities, and historical legacies. Addressing these disparities requires targeted interventions, inclusive policies, and sustained efforts to ensure equitable access to social resources and opportunities for all Cambodians.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Minorities and Statelessness: Social Exclusion and Citizenship in Cambodia
Entrenched Geographical and Socioeconomic Disparities in Child Mortality: Trends in Absolute and Relative Inequalities in Cambodia
Living arrangements and socio-demographic conditions of older adults in Cambodia
Living on the Margins: Minorities and Borderlines in Cambodia and Southeast Asia
Towards Gender Equality in The Cambodian Labor Market – Gender Gaps Prevent Females from Stable Income Generation
The dilemmas of aid: Cambodia 1992–2002
Socially Isolated Cambodians in the US
Difference of sociodemographic characteristics among the disabled population in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study of the demographic and health survey data
Correlates and mediators of geo-ethnic inequalities in child development in Cambodia
Long-term development of a "whole community" best practice model to address health disparities in the Cambodian refugee and immigrant community of Lowell, Massachusetts.
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