salmon toxicity

Introduction

Salmon toxicity is a significant concern in marine and freshwater ecosystems, affecting both wild and farmed populations. Various environmental pollutants, including natural toxins, heavy metals, and industrial chemicals, can have detrimental effects on salmon health and survival. This synthesis aims to provide a cohesive overview of the research on salmon toxicity, focusing on the impacts of different toxic substances on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and other salmonid species.

Key Insights

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) Toxins:
- PSP toxins, produced by dinoflagellates like Alexandrium species, can cause significant mortalities in Atlantic salmon during toxic algal blooms. These toxins are accumulated in the food chain, affecting zooplankton, mussels, and ultimately salmon .
- Exposure to PSP toxins induces xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P-450 (CYP1A) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in Atlantic salmon, suggesting a metabolic response to detoxify these compounds.
Heavy Metals:
- Exposure to heavy metals like cadmium, copper, and zinc is acutely toxic to salmonids, with specific LC50 values indicating the concentrations at which 50% mortality occurs. These metals can cause significant physiological and biochemical disruptions.
- Uranium exposure in Atlantic salmon affects mitochondrial functions, induces oxidative stress, and disrupts cellular homeostasis, although no significant physiological changes were observed at the tested concentrations.
Road Deicing Salt and Copper:
- Road deicing salt (NaCl) and copper (Cu) are toxic to the early developmental stages of Atlantic salmon, causing reduced egg survival, delayed hatching, and larval deformities. The combination of these stressors increases the sensitivity of salmon to these pollutants.
Ammonia:
- Ammonia toxicity is exacerbated by swimming activity in salmonids, reducing their swimming performance and increasing mortality rates. The presence of ammonia in water can lead to metabolic challenges and muscle depolarization.
Other Industrial Chemicals:
- Chemicals like 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (TCMTB), used as wood preservatives, exhibit sublethal toxicity in coho salmon, affecting swimming performance, oxygen consumption, and blood lactate levels in a concentration-dependent manner.
- Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is relatively harmless at low concentrations but can cause significant hematologic and histopathologic changes at higher doses or prolonged exposure.

Conclusion

The research highlights the diverse range of toxic substances that can impact salmon health, from natural toxins like PSP to heavy metals and industrial chemicals. PSP toxins from algal blooms are particularly harmful, causing significant mortalities and inducing detoxification enzymes in salmon. Heavy metals and road deicing salts pose acute and developmental risks, while industrial chemicals like TCMTB and DMSO affect physiological functions at sublethal levels. Understanding these toxicological impacts is crucial for managing and mitigating risks to salmon populations in both natural and aquaculture settings.

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Summary

Introduction

Key Insights

Conclusion

Sources and full results

Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins induce xenobiotic metabolising enzymes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

Induction of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes in Atlantic salmon suggests a potential role for XMEs in paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin metabolism.

Paralytic shellfish toxins in zooplankton, mussels, lobsters and caged Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during a bloom of Alexandrium fundyense off Grand Manan Island, in the Bay of Fundy

A bloom of Alexandrium fundyense in the Bay of Fundy led to high paralytic shellfish toxin levels in zooplankton, mussels, and lobsters, causing significant mortality in Atlantic salmon aquaculture.

Toxicity of road deicing salt (NaCl) and copper (Cu) to fertilization and early developmental stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

Road deicing salt and copper exposure during fertilization and early development stages of Atlantic salmon can reduce egg survival and delay hatching, potentially posing a threat to their survival in water bodies receiving road runoff.

Hepatic transcriptomic profiling reveals early toxicological mechanisms of uranium in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Uranium toxicity in Atlantic salmon involves mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and organ damage, but no other physiological changes were observed.

The toxigenic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense as the probable cause of mortality of caged salmon in Nova Scotia

A massive bloom of the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in 2000 led to high mortality of caged salmon in Nova Scotia, likely due to direct exposure to toxic cells and soluble toxins released during the bloom.

Swimming and ammonia toxicity in salmonids: the effect of sub lethal ammonia exposure on the swimming performance of coho salmon and the acute toxicity of ammonia in swimming and resting rainbow trout.

Swimming reduces ammonia toxicity in coho salmon and rainbow trout, with metabolic challenges and depolarization of white muscle causing reduced performance.

Acutely Lethal Levels of Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc to Adult Male Coho Salmon and Steelhead

Acute toxicity levels of cadmium, copper, and zinc are lethal to adult male coho salmon and steelhead, with cadmium mortality occurring at 3.7 and 5.2 g/liter, respectively.

Effect of Fluoride Complexation on Aluminum Toxicity Towards Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Fluoride complexation reduces aluminum toxicity in juvenile Atlantic salmon, but bioaccumulation and toxicity persist, suggesting a mixed ligand complex model for metal toxicity.

The effect of 2‐(Thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch): Sublethal toxicity testing

TCMTB, a wood preservative used in British Columbia's lumber industry, can reduce swimming speed and increase blood lactate levels in juvenile coho salmon, but not oxygen consumption rates.

Some toxic effects of dimethyl sulfoxide in salmon and trout.

DMSO is relatively harmless to coho salmon, with a safe level of 2.8 g/kg per day for 28 days, and can tolerate higher concentrations for shorter periods and recover rapidly when removed.

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