Soft tissue sarcoma signs and symptoms

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Signs and Symptoms of Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are rare malignancies originating from mesenchymal cells, presenting a diverse array of clinical and pathological characteristics. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of STS is crucial for early diagnosis and effective treatment.

Common Symptoms of Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Lump or Swelling

The most frequent symptom of soft tissue sarcoma is the presence of a lump or swelling. This symptom is reported in approximately 38% of cases and is often the initial sign that prompts medical consultation. The lump is typically painless, but it can become painful as it grows and compresses surrounding tissues .

Pain

Pain is another common symptom, occurring in about 6% of patients. It may result from the tumor pressing on nerves or muscles . Pain is more prevalent in advanced stages of the disease and can significantly impact the patient's quality of life.

Cutaneous Changes

Cutaneous changes, such as skin discoloration or ulceration over the tumor, are observed in about 4% of cases. These changes can indicate the tumor's proximity to the skin surface.

Localized Symptoms Based on Tumor Location

The symptoms of STS can vary significantly depending on the tumor's location:

Head and Neck Tumors: Localized eye swelling (20%), cranial nerve deficits (14%), and impaired visual function (6%) are common symptoms.
Abdomen/Pelvic Tumors: Symptoms include urinary issues (24%), abdominal distension or discomfort (22%), genital lump/swelling (16%), and changes in bowel habits (6%).

Constitutional Symptoms

Constitutional symptoms such as fever, night sweats, and unintentional weight loss are less common but can occur in about 2% of cases. These symptoms are more frequently associated with advanced disease stages .

Symptom Burden in Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Patients with advanced STS often experience a high symptom burden. Common symptoms include pain (77%), lack of energy (73%), difficulty sleeping (56%), feeling bloated (49%), and dyspnea (49%). Psychological distress is also notable, with higher levels of distress compared to other cancers.

Diagnostic Challenges

Diagnosing STS can be challenging due to its rarity and the overlap of symptoms with benign conditions. Key indicators of malignancy include a tumor that is increasing in size, larger than 5 cm, deeply located, and/or painful. The absence of constitutional symptoms should not reduce suspicion of malignancy.

Conclusion

Early recognition of the signs and symptoms of soft tissue sarcoma is essential for prompt diagnosis and treatment. Common symptoms include a lump or swelling, pain, and cutaneous changes, with variations based on tumor location. Advanced STS presents a significant symptom burden, necessitating comprehensive symptom management and timely palliative care. Understanding these symptoms can aid in early detection and improve patient outcomes.