What are the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
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Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Core Symptoms: Social Communication Impairment and Repetitive Behaviors
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is primarily characterized by two core domains: impairments in social communication and interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities . Individuals with ASD often struggle with understanding and using verbal and non-verbal communication, which can manifest as difficulties in maintaining conversations, understanding social cues, and forming relationships . Additionally, repetitive behaviors may include repetitive movements, insistence on sameness, and highly focused interests .
Speech, Language, and Communication Difficulties
Speech and language difficulties are common in individuals with ASD. These can range from complete lack of speech to delayed speech development and difficulties in understanding and using language effectively. Communication challenges also include problems with pragmatic language, such as understanding the context of conversations and using appropriate language in social settings .
Sensory Sensitivities and Cognitive Disabilities
ASD is often associated with hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input, which means individuals may be overly sensitive or under-responsive to sensory stimuli such as sounds, lights, textures, or smells. Cognitive disabilities, including intellectual disability, are also prevalent among individuals with ASD, affecting their ability to process information and perform daily tasks.
Comorbid Psychiatric Conditions
A significant number of individuals with ASD experience comorbid psychiatric conditions. These can include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and Tourette syndrome . These comorbid conditions can exacerbate the core symptoms of ASD and complicate the overall clinical picture .
Developmental Trajectories and Variability
The symptoms of ASD can vary widely in their presentation and severity. Some individuals may show early signs of ASD that decline over time, while others may develop symptoms later in adolescence or adulthood. This variability challenges the traditional understanding that ASD symptoms always manifest early in development.
Nutritional and Immune Factors
Emerging research suggests that nutritional status, including levels of amino acids, choline, and B vitamins, may influence the incidence and severity of ASD symptoms. Additionally, immune dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD, with evidence pointing to a link between immune dysfunction and behavioral traits in autism.
Conclusion
ASD is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a wide range of symptoms primarily affecting social communication and behavior. The variability in symptom presentation and the presence of comorbid conditions make it a challenging disorder to diagnose and manage. Understanding the core symptoms and associated factors is crucial for developing effective interventions and support strategies for individuals with ASD.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Individuals with Mucopolysaccharide Disease Type III (Sanfilippo Syndrome): A Systematic Review
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Classification, diagnosis and therapy
Variable Emergence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms From Childhood to Early Adulthood.
Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Amino Acids, B Vitamins, and Choline May Independently and Collaboratively Influence the Incidence and Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Diagnostic, Neurobiological, and Behavioral Features
Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia: An updated conceptual review
The pediatric psychopharmacology of autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review - Part I: The past and the present
The Autism Spectrum
Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know about It?
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