Cadmium Disrupts Subcellular Organelles, Including Chloroplasts, Resulting in Melatonin Induction in Plants

doi:10.3390/molecules22101791

Paper

Cadmium Disrupts Subcellular Organelles, Including Chloroplasts, Resulting in Melatonin Induction in Plants

Published Oct 1, 2017 · H. Lee, K. Back

Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry

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42

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Abstract

Cadmium is a well-known elicitor of melatonin synthesis in plants, including rice. However, the mechanisms by which cadmium induces melatonin induction remain elusive. To investigate whether cadmium influences physical integrities in subcellular organelles, we treated tobacco leaves with either CdCl2 or AlCl3 and monitored the structures of subcellular organelles—such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)—using confocal microscopic analysis. Unlike AlCl3 treatment, CdCl2 (0.5 mM) treatment significantly disrupted chloroplasts, mitochondria, and ER. In theory, the disruption of chloroplasts enabled chloroplast-expressed serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) to encounter serotonin in the cytoplasm, leading to the synthesis of N-acetylserotonin followed by melatonin synthesis. In fact, the disruption of chloroplasts by cadmium, not by aluminum, gave rise to a huge induction of melatonin in rice leaves, which suggests that cadmium-treated chloroplast disruption plays an important role in inducing melatonin in plants by removing physical barriers, such as chloroplast double membranes, allowing SNAT to gain access to the serotonin substrate enriched in the cytoplasm.

Study Snapshot

Cadmium disrupts chloroplasts in plants, leading to melatonin induction by removing physical barriers and allowing serotonin access in the cytoplasm.

PopulationOlder adults (50-71 years)

Sample size24

MethodsObservational

OutcomesBody Mass Index projections

ResultsSocial networks mitigate obesity in older groups.

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Paper

Cadmium Disrupts Subcellular Organelles, Including Chloroplasts, Resulting in Melatonin Induction in Plants

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References

Cadmium‐induced melatonin synthesis in rice requires light, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide: Key regulatory roles for tryptophan decarboxylase and caffeic acid O‐methyltransferase

Cadmium-induced melatonin synthesis in rice requires light, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, with tryptophan decarboxylase and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase playing key roles in this process.

Plant mitochondria synthesize melatonin and enhance the tolerance of plants to drought stress

Plant mitochondria synthesize melatonin, which enhances drought tolerance and oxidative stress resistance in plants by reducing reactive oxygen species generated under drought stress.

Melatonin alleviates aluminium toxicity through modulating antioxidative enzymes and enhancing organic acid anion exudation in soybean.

Melatonin can effectively reduce aluminium toxicity in soybean roots by modulating antioxidant enzymes and enhancing organic acid anion exudation.

Chloroplast overexpression of rice caffeic acid O‐methyltransferase increases melatonin production in chloroplasts via the 5‐methoxytryptamine pathway in transgenic rice plants

Overexpression of caffeic acid O-methyltransferase in chloroplasts in transgenic rice plants increases melatonin production and improves seedling growth under continuous light conditions.

Melatonin confers plant tolerance against cadmium stress via the decrease of cadmium accumulation and reestablishment of microRNA-mediated redox homeostasis.

Melatonin enhances plant tolerance to cadmium stress by decreasing cadmium accumulation and restoring microRNA-mediated redox homeostasis.

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