Periodontal diseases as a source of halitosis: a review of the evidence and treatment approaches for dentists and dental hygienists.

doi:10.1111/prd.12111

Paper

Periodontal diseases as a source of halitosis: a review of the evidence and treatment approaches for dentists and dental hygienists.

Published Jun 1, 2016 · S. De Geest, I. Laleman, W. Teughels

Periodontology 2000

Q1 SJR score

94

Citations

2

Influential Citations

Full textSemantic Scholar

Abstract

Bad breath (halitosis) is an important social complaint. In most cases (≥90%), the cause of halitosis can be found within the oral cavity. Under this circumstance, the term oral malodor applies. It affects both healthy and periodontally diseased individuals. Oral malodor is mainly caused by a microbial degradation of both sulfur-containing and nonsulfur-containing amino acids into volatile, bad-smelling gases. Anaerobic gram-negative bacteria, the same species that have been linked to periodontal diseases, are especially involved in this process, explaining why clinicians often associate oral malodor with periodontitis. Some volatile organic compounds render patients more susceptible to periodontitis and this supports the malodor-periodontitis link. This review investigates the interaction between oral malodor and periodontal diseases. Pro and con arguments regarding the mechanisms of halitosis and clinical implications will be presented. In general, however, the impact of tongue coatings has been found to be the dominant factor, besides gingivitis and periodontitis. The last part of this review discusses the treatment of bad breath, with different options.

Literature Review

Highly Cited

Study Snapshot

Periodontal diseases contribute to halitosis, with tongue coatings, gingivitis, and periodontitis being the main factors; various treatment options are available for managing bad breath.

PopulationOlder adults (50-71 years)

Sample size24

MethodsObservational

OutcomesBody Mass Index projections

ResultsSocial networks mitigate obesity in older groups.

Sign up to use Study Snapshot

Consensus is limited without an account. Create an account or sign in to get more searches and use the Study Snapshot.

Create an account

Paper

Periodontal diseases as a source of halitosis: a review of the evidence and treatment approaches for dentists and dental hygienists.

Sign up to use Study Snapshot

References

Effectiveness of three oral hygiene regimens on oral malodor reduction: a randomized clinical trial

Combining tooth brushing, mouth washing, and tongue cleaning regimens is most effective for reducing oral malodor.

Efficacy of different mouthrinse formulations in reducing oral malodour: a randomized clinical trial.

HalitaTM and meridol(®) with zinc lactate show the best therapeutic effect in reducing oral malodor, while the masking effect is partially due to dilution and aromas.

Tongue coating: related factors.

Tongue coating is strongly related to oral hygiene, with smoking, dentures, periodontal status, and dietary habits also influencing the presence of tongue coating.

The association of periodontal disease with oral malodour in a Japanese population.

Oral malodour is associated with periodontal disease, and periodontal therapy combined with tongue cleaning effectively reduces oral pathogenic halitosis in patients.

Breath malodor reduction with use of a stannous-containing sodium fluoride dentifrice: a meta-analysis of four randomized and controlled clinical trials.

A stannous-containing sodium fluoride dentifrice significantly reduces breath malodor-causing volatile sulfur compound levels compared to a standard fluoride dentifrice at all three time points.

Citations

Treatment of patients with periodontitis accompanied by halitosis with the use of bacterial drugs

A synbiotic complex based on Streptococcus thermophilus lysate effectively reduces halitosis in mild chronic generalized periodontitis patients, improving their oral health and quality of life.

Rational design of multifunctional hydrogels targeting the microenvironment of diabetic periodontitis.

Multifunctional hydrogels can effectively manage diabetic periodontitis by targeting four microenvironments: high glucose, bacterial infection, inflammation, and bone loss.

Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy on the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a systematic review during 2008–2023

Photodynamic therapy is a promising, low-cost treatment for chronic periodontitis that improves tissue repair, reduces inflammation, and is well-tolerated by patients.

The oral organ: A new vision of the mouth as a whole for a gerophysiological approach to healthy aging

The oral organ serves as a dynamic interphase within the organism, supporting interactions between body and external factors, and plays a crucial role in healthy aging and overall well-being.

Application of Sensing Devices in the Detection of Oral, Pulmonary, and Gastrointestinal Diseases

Sensing devices, such as electronic noses, are rapidly developing as effective clinical tools for diagnosing and monitoring oral, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal diseases.

Bio-Sniffers for biomarkers of oral diseases in exhaled breath: State of art and future trends

Gas sensors in stomatology have advanced to detect oral diseases and pathological states, potentially improving bedside detection and routine monitoring.

Application of geospatial information systems (GIS) for assessment of the distribution of periodontal disease in Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia.

In Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, the island district of Sangkarranghad has the highest presence of periodontal disease, with 15 districts showing medium or low disease incidence scores.