New functions for amino acids: effects on gene transcription and translation.

doi:10.1093/AJCN/83.2.500S

Paper

New functions for amino acids: effects on gene transcription and translation.

Published Feb 1, 2006 · S. Kimball, L. Jefferson

The American journal of clinical nutrition

Q1 SJR score

251

Citations

7

Influential Citations

Full textSemantic Scholar

Abstract

Amino acids act to regulate multiple processes related to gene expression, including modulation of the function of the proteins that mediate messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. By modulating the function of translation initiation and elongation factors, amino acids regulate the translation of mRNA on a global scale and also act to cause preferential changes in the translation of mRNAs encoding particular proteins or families of proteins. However, amino acids do not directly regulate the function of translation initiation and elongation factors, but instead modulate signaling through pathways traditionally considered to be solely involved in mediating the action of hormones. The best-characterized example of amino acid-induced regulation of a signal transduction pathway is one involving a protein kinase referred to as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), through which the branched-chain amino acids, particularly leucine, act to modulate the function of proteins engaged in both global mRNA translation and the selection of specific mRNAs for translation. Less understood at this point in time is evidence suggesting that amino acids also act to regulate mRNA translation through mTOR-independent mechanisms. The goal of the present review is to briefly summarize studies, primarily those performed in the laboratories of the authors, that focus on the role of the branched-chain amino acids in the regulation of mRNA translation in skeletal muscle.

Literature Review

Highly Cited

Study Snapshot

Branched-chain amino acids, particularly leucine, play a crucial role in regulating mRNA translation in skeletal muscle through mTOR-independent and -independent mechanisms.

PopulationOlder adults (50-71 years)

Sample size24

MethodsObservational

OutcomesBody Mass Index projections

ResultsSocial networks mitigate obesity in older groups.

Sign up to use Study Snapshot

Consensus is limited without an account. Create an account or sign in to get more searches and use the Study Snapshot.

Create an account

Paper

New functions for amino acids: effects on gene transcription and translation.

Sign up to use Study Snapshot

References

Ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation is a determinant of cell size and glucose homeostasis.

Ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation plays a critical role in cell size regulation and glucose homeostasis, with rpS6(P-/-) mice showing increased protein synthesis, accelerated cell division, and impaired glucose tolerance.

Rheb Binding to Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Is Regulated by Amino Acid Sufficiency*

Amino acid withdrawal can inhibit the binding of Rheb to mTOR, potentially affecting the signaling function of TOR complex 1.

The Tuberous Sclerosis Protein TSC2 Is Not Required for the Regulation of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin by Amino Acids and Certain Cellular Stresses*

Amino acid signaling to mTOR occurs independently of TSC2 and involves additional unidentified inputs, with TSC2 being crucial for regulating mTOR by insulin and certain cellular stresses.

Rheb Binds and Regulates the mTOR Kinase

Rheb-GTP binds to the TOR complex 1, enabling activation of the TOR kinase, with its binding modulated by GTP and impaired by certain mutations in the switch 1 loop.

Oral leucine administration stimulates protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle.

Oral leucine administration stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis in rats, with effects mediated by multiple biomarkers of mRNA translation.

Citations

Valine biased glycogen consumption to promote energy metabolism of Portunus trituberculatus and increased protein and essential amino acid deposition in muscle

Optimal dietary valine levels for Portunus trituberculatus are 1.56 %, promoting amino acid metabolism and muscle growth, while enhancing energy metabolism by driving glycogen consumption rather than lipids.

Importance of Energy, Dietary Protein Sources, and Amino Acid Composition in the Regulation of Metabolism: An Indissoluble Dynamic Combination for Life

Understanding the intricate interplay between energy, dietary proteins, and amino acid composition is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and influencing nutrition, metabolism, and disease management.

Branched-chain amino acids in ruminant nutrition: function effects and summary of recent advances

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) play a key role in ruminant physiological processes, including digestion, metabolism, and immune system functions, but their supplementation needs further research.

Analysis of the Free Amino Acid Profile of Barley Grain from Organic Fertilisation with Ash from Biomass Combustion

Fertilizing barley with biomass ash improves protein quality and nutritional value, especially at higher doses.

Methionine Promotes Milk Protein Synthesis via the PI3K-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells

Methionine supplementation promotes milk protein synthesis in human mammary epithelial cells through the PI3K-mTOR signaling pathway.

Glutamine stimulates the S6K/4E-BP branch of insulin signalling pathway to mitigate human poly(Q) disorders in Drosophila disease models

Glutamine feeding stimulates the growth-promoting S6K/4E-BP branch of the insulin signaling pathway, potentially mitigating neuronal damage and neurodegeneration in human poly(Q) disorders.

Enhancing Milk Production by Nutrient Supplements: Strategies and Regulatory Pathways

Nutrient supplements, such as amino acids, peptides, lipids, carbohydrates, and other chemicals, can enhance milk production in dairy animals, helping meet global demand for milk and dairy products.

Effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance, muscle composition and fiber recruitment of juvenile small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis)

The optimal dietary protein range for both body and muscle growth of juvenile small yellow croaker is between 47.33% and 47.50%.