Making muscles "stronger": exercise, nutrition, drugs.

Paper

Making muscles "stronger": exercise, nutrition, drugs.

Published Jun 1, 2004 · P. Aagaard

Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions

Q2 SJR score

61

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3

Influential Citations

Semantic Scholar

Abstract

As described in this review, maximal muscle strength is strongly influenced by resistive-types of exercise, which induce adaptive changes in both neuromuscular function and muscle morphology. Further, timed intake of protein in conjunction with resistance training elicit greater strength and muscle size gains than resistance training alone. Creatine supplementation amplifies the hypertrophic response to resistance training, although some individuals may not respond positively. Locally produced muscle growth factors are upregulated during creatine supplementation, which contributes to increase the responsiveness of muscle cells to intensive training stimuli. Usage of anabolic steroids boosts muscle hypertrophy beyond inherent genetical limits, not only by increasing the DNA transcription rate for myofibrillar proteins but also by increasing the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio due to accelerated activation of myogenic satellite cells. However, severe tissue damaging effects exist with anabolic steroids, some of which are irreversible.

Study Snapshot

Resistance training, protein intake, creatine supplementation, and anabolic steroids can enhance muscle strength and size, but may have severe tissue damage effects.

PopulationOlder adults (50-71 years)

Sample size24

MethodsObservational

OutcomesBody Mass Index projections

ResultsSocial networks mitigate obesity in older groups.

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Paper

Making muscles "stronger": exercise, nutrition, drugs.

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References

Localization of MyoD, myogenin and cell cycle regulatory factors in hypertrophying rat skeletal muscles.

MyoD and myogenin proteins are essential for successful muscle hypertrophy in rat plantaris muscles, with continual expression in myonuclei, satellite cells, and undefined myogenic cells.

Effect of resistance training on skeletal muscle-specific force in elderly humans.

Strength training effectively increases the intrinsic force-producing capacity of skeletal muscle in elderly individuals, despite a relatively smaller increase in muscle volume.

Translational Control Mechanisms Modulate Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression During Hypertrophy

Translational control mechanisms play a crucial role in regulating muscle hypertrophy, influencing protein synthesis and anabolic responses during resistance exercise.

Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on myogenic regulatory factor expression.

Creatine supplementation combined with heavy resistance training increases muscle creatine kinase mRNA expression, likely due to increased myogenin and MRF-4 expression.

Training-Induced Changes in Neural Function

Training-induced changes in neural function can contribute to increased efferent neuronal outflow, including increased maximal firing frequency, increased excitability, decreased presynaptic inhibition of spinal motor neurons, and downregulation of inhibitory pathways.

Citations