Metabolic adaptation characterizes short-term resistance to weight loss induced by a low-calorie diet in overweight/obese individuals.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab027

Paper

Metabolic adaptation characterizes short-term resistance to weight loss induced by a low-calorie diet in overweight/obese individuals.

Published Apr 7, 2021 · K. Whytock, Karen D. Corbin, Stephanie A. Parsons

The American journal of clinical nutrition

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10

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Abstract

BACKGROUND Low-calorie diet (LCD)-induced weight loss demonstrates response heterogeneity. Physiologically, a decrease in energy expenditure lower than what is predicted based on body composition (metabolic adaptation) and/or an impaired capacity to increase fat oxidation may hinder weight loss. Understanding the metabolic components that characterize weight loss success is important for optimizing weight loss strategies. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that overweight/obese individuals who had lower than expected weight loss in response to a 28-d LCD would be characterized by 1) impaired fat oxidation and 2) whole-body metabolic adaptation. We also characterized the molecular mechanisms associated with weight loss success/failure. METHODS This was a retrospective comparison of participants who met their predicted weight loss targets [overweight/obese diet sensitive (ODS), n = 23, females = 21, males = 2] and those that did not [overweight/obese diet resistant (ODR), n = 14, females = 12, males = 2] after a 28-d LCD (900-1000 kcal/d). We used whole-body (energy expenditure and fat oxidation) and tissue-specific measurements (metabolic proteins in skeletal muscle, gene expression in adipose tissue, and metabolites in serum) to detect metabolic properties and biomarkers associated with weight loss success. RESULTS The ODR group had greater mean ± SD metabolic adaptation (-175 ± 149 kcal/d; +119%) than the ODS group (-80 ± 108 kcal/d) after the LCD (P = 0.030). Mean ± SD fat oxidation increased similarly for both groups from baseline (0.0701 ± 0.0206 g/min) to day 28 (0.0869 ± 0.0269 g/min; P < 0.001). A principal component analysis factor comprised of serum 3-hydroxybutyric acid, citrate, leucine/isoleucine, acetyl-carnitine, and 3-hydroxylbutyrlcarnitine was associated with weight loss success at day 28 (std. β = 0.674, R2 = 0.479, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Individuals who achieved predicted weight loss targets after a 28-d LCD were characterized by reduced metabolic adaptation. Accumulation of metabolites associated with acetyl-CoA excess and enhanced ketogenesis was identified in the ODS group.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01616082.

Non-RCT

Very Rigorous Journal

Study Snapshot

Key takeawayOverweight/obese individuals who achieve predicted weight loss targets after a 28-day low-calorie diet show reduced metabolic adaptation and increased fat oxidation, while those who fail show impaired fat oxidation and metabolic adaptation.

PopulationOlder adults (50-71 years)

Sample size24

MethodsObservational

OutcomesBody Mass Index projections

ResultsSocial networks mitigate obesity in older groups.

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Metabolic adaptation characterizes short-term resistance to weight loss induced by a low-calorie diet in overweight/obese individuals.

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References

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