An Oxidative Pathway for Microbial Utilization of Methylphosphonic Acid as a Phosphate Source.

doi:10.1021/acschembio.9b00024

Paper

An Oxidative Pathway for Microbial Utilization of Methylphosphonic Acid as a Phosphate Source.

Published Feb 27, 2019 · Simanga R. Gama, M. Vogt, T. Kalina

ACS chemical biology

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15

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Abstract

Methylphosphonic acid is synthesized by marine bacteria and is a prominent component of dissolved organic phosphorus. Consequently, methylphosphonic acid also serves as a source of inorganic phosphate (Pi) for marine bacteria that are starved of this nutrient. Conversion of methylphosphonic acid into Pi is currently only known to occur through the carbon-phosphorus lyase pathway, yielding methane as a byproduct. In this work, we describe an oxidative pathway for the catabolism of methylphosphonic acid in Gimesia maris DSM8797. G. maris can use methylphosphonic acid as Pi sources despite lacking a phn operon encoding a carbon-phosphorus lyase pathway. Instead, the genome contains a locus encoding homologues of the non-heme Fe(II) dependent oxygenases HF130PhnY* and HF130PhnZ, which were previously shown to convert 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid into glycine and Pi. GmPhnY* and GmPhnZ1 were produced in E. coli and purified for characterization in vitro. The substrate specificities of the enzymes were evaluated with a panel of synthetic phosphonates. Via 31P NMR spectroscopy, it is demonstrated that the GmPhnY* converts methylphosphonic acid to hydroxymethylphosphonic acid, which in turn is oxidized by GmPhnZ1 to produce formic acid and Pi. In contrast, 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid is not a substrate for GmPhnY* and is therefore not a substrate for this pathway. These results thus reveal a new metabolic fate for methylphosphonic acid.

Study Snapshot

This study reveals a new metabolic fate for methylphosphonic acid in marine bacteria, revealing a new pathway for converting it into inorganic phosphate.

PopulationOlder adults (50-71 years)

Sample size24

MethodsObservational

OutcomesBody Mass Index projections

ResultsSocial networks mitigate obesity in older groups.

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Paper

An Oxidative Pathway for Microbial Utilization of Methylphosphonic Acid as a Phosphate Source.

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References

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Methylphosphonate synthase (MPnS) is a key enzyme in marine microbiomes, supporting the hypothesis that it is a source of methane and phosphorus in the upper, aerobic ocean.

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A phosphite-oxidizing bacterium can grow with CO2 as its sole electron acceptor, suggesting a seventh natural CO2 fixation pathway in energy-limited environments.

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Bacteria from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre can degrade phosphonates in marine dissolved organic matter, potentially playing a key role in the turnover of marine DOM.

Citations

Glyphosate-Induced Phosphonatase Operons in Soil Bacteria of the Genus Achromobacter

Glyphosate-induced phosphonatase operons in soil bacteria Achromobacter insolitus and Achromobacter aegrifaciens show unique kinetic characteristics and potential for use in glyphosate degradation.

Methylphosphonate Is Utilized by Commensal Microbiota of Macroalgae in the Oligotrophic Sargasso Sea

Bacterial epibionts in Sargassum macroalgae use methylphosphonate as an alternative source of phosphorus and produce methane, highlighting phosphorus limitation as a selective pressure.

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Methylphosphonate (MPn) is a potent methanogenic substrate in surface waters, but its degradation pathway contributes only marginally to oxic methane production in the Baltic Sea, with a variety of methanogenic pathways likely responsible for methane enrichments.

The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates

Bacteria have evolved systems to uptake and catabolize phosphonates, which can be used as a resource in limited phosphate environments and help reduce pollution.

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Oxidative enzymes play a crucial role in microbial organophosphonate metabolism, contributing to the structural diversity and bioactivities of these compounds.

Utilization of diverse organophosphorus pollutants by marine bacteria

Marine bacteria can thrive on organophosphorus pollutants as their sole phosphorus source, suggesting the presence of unidentified enzymes and potential for bioremediation.

Domain Fusion of Two Oxygenases Affords Organophosphonate Degradation in Pathogenic Fungi.

PhoF, a new HD-domain oxygenase in pathogenic fungi, enables increased organophosphonate degradation, potentially benefiting their survival.

Transporter characterisation reveals aminoethylphosphonate mineralisation as a key step in the marine phosphorus redox cycle

Aminoethylphosphonate mineralisation is a key step in the marine phosphorus redox cycle, providing regenerated phosphate and ammonium for oceanic primary production.

A Phosphonate Natural Product Made by Pantoea ananatis is Necessary and Sufficient for the Hallmark Lesions of Onion Center Rot

Pantaphos, a key virulence factor in onion center rot, could be developed into an effective herbicide to combat the increasing problem of herbicide-resistant weeds.