How do we define and demarcate science from non-science?
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Defining and Demarcating Science from Non-Science
Introduction to the Demarcation Problem
The demarcation problem, a central issue in the philosophy of science, involves distinguishing science from non-science, including pseudoscience and other intellectual activities. Despite intuitive distinctions between fields like physics and astrology, establishing a clear and satisfactory criterion for demarcation has proven challenging .
Historical and Philosophical Perspectives
Traditional Demarcation Criteria
Philosophers have long sought to identify specific characteristics that define scientific inquiry. Traditional approaches often emphasize epistemic virtues or methodological features unique to science. However, many proposed criteria have been criticized for being either too narrow or too broad, failing to encompass the full scope of scientific practice .
Logicism and Critical Rationalism
The logicist approach, including logical positivism and critical rationalism, offers two distinct demarcation criteria. These criteria focus on the logical structure and empirical testability of scientific theories. However, these approaches have also faced criticism for their limitations in addressing the complexity of scientific practice.
Multicriterial and Pragmatic Approaches
Multicriterial Demarcation
A more recent approach to the demarcation problem is the multicriterial method, which suggests using a combination of characteristics to distinguish science from non-science. This method allows for a more flexible and comprehensive understanding of scientific practice, accommodating the diversity of scientific fields and their unique methodologies .
Pragmatic Considerations
A pragmatic approach to demarcation emphasizes the practical goals and concerns that influence judgments about scientific status. This perspective acknowledges that demarcation is not solely a theoretical issue but also has significant implications for policy and decision-making.
Boundary-Work and Social Norms
Boundary-Work in Science
The concept of "boundary-work" describes the efforts of scientists to construct and maintain the boundaries between science and non-science. This process is influenced by the pursuit of intellectual authority, career opportunities, and the protection of scientific autonomy from political interference. Boundary-work highlights the dynamic and context-dependent nature of scientific demarcation .
Social Norms and Scientific Practice
Some scholars argue that demarcation should be based on widely upheld social norms rather than strict epistemic criteria. For instance, the "communist norm" in science, which advocates for the open sharing of research for public scrutiny, is proposed as a key differentiator between scientific and non-scientific inquiry.
Conclusion
The demarcation of science from non-science remains a complex and evolving issue. While traditional criteria have faced significant challenges, multicriterial and pragmatic approaches offer more flexible and context-sensitive solutions. Additionally, the role of boundary-work and social norms underscores the importance of considering the social and practical dimensions of scientific practice. As the debate continues, a comprehensive and integrated account of scientific demarcation remains a critical goal for philosophers and scientists alike.
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