Intrinsic motivation
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Understanding Intrinsic Motivation: Insights from Recent Research
The Role of Intrinsic Motivation in Performance
Intrinsic motivation, the drive to engage in activities for their inherent satisfaction, has been shown to be a significant predictor of performance across various domains, including school, work, and physical activities. A comprehensive meta-analysis spanning over 40 years of research indicates that intrinsic motivation is a medium to strong predictor of performance, with a correlation coefficient ranging from 0.21 to 0.45. This relationship holds true regardless of the presence of extrinsic incentives, although the nature of these incentives can influence the strength of intrinsic motivation's impact on performance. Specifically, intrinsic motivation is more crucial for performance quality when incentives are indirectly tied to performance, whereas extrinsic incentives are better predictors of performance quantity.
Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation
The interaction between extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation has been a topic of extensive research. A meta-analysis of 128 studies found that certain types of extrinsic rewards, such as engagement-contingent, completion-contingent, and performance-contingent rewards, can significantly undermine intrinsic motivation. This effect is particularly pronounced with tangible and expected rewards. However, positive feedback and verbal reinforcement can enhance intrinsic motivation, suggesting that the type and context of extrinsic rewards are critical factors .
Intrinsic Motivation in Educational Settings
Intrinsic motivation plays a pivotal role in educational outcomes. Research using the Self-Determination Theory framework has shown that intrinsic motivation is consistently associated with higher academic achievement over time. This relationship is robust across different educational contexts and student populations, highlighting the importance of fostering intrinsic motivation to enhance academic success. Additionally, intrinsic motivation can reduce amotivation and is reciprocally associated with better school performance.
Intrinsic Motivation in Exercise and Health
In the context of exercise, intrinsic motivation is essential for promoting sustained participation and achieving health benefits. A concept analysis identified four key attributes of intrinsic motivation in exercise: self-efficacy, competence, self-determination, and satisfaction. These attributes can be leveraged to design effective nursing interventions aimed at fostering intrinsic motivation, thereby encouraging healthier behavior changes and improving overall well-being.
Intrinsic Motivation and Employee Attitudes
Intrinsic motivation is also a critical factor in shaping employee attitudes and behaviors. Research indicates that intrinsic motivation is positively associated with employee satisfaction and negatively associated with turnover intention. The impact of intrinsic motivation on these outcomes is moderated by factors such as managerial trustworthiness, goal directedness, and extrinsic reward expectancy. Specifically, managerial trustworthiness and goal directedness enhance the positive effects of intrinsic motivation on employee satisfaction, while high extrinsic reward expectancy can diminish these effects.
Conclusion
Intrinsic motivation is a powerful driver of performance, academic achievement, exercise adherence, and employee satisfaction. While extrinsic rewards can sometimes undermine intrinsic motivation, the type and context of these rewards are crucial. Positive feedback and verbal reinforcement can enhance intrinsic motivation, whereas tangible and expected rewards may have detrimental effects. Understanding and leveraging intrinsic motivation can lead to better outcomes across various domains, from education and health to workplace settings.
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