Why Lake Chad is vulnerable to climate change
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Vulnerability of Lake Chad to Climate Change
Introduction: Climate Change and Lake Chad
Lake Chad, once the sixth-largest lake in the world, has experienced a dramatic reduction in size, shrinking by over 90% in the past 40 years8. This significant decrease has made the region highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, affecting millions of people in Chad, Cameroon, Niger, and Nigeria. The vulnerability of Lake Chad to climate change is multifaceted, involving environmental, socio-economic, and political dimensions.
Environmental Impact: Shrinking Water Levels and Climate Variability
The primary environmental factor contributing to Lake Chad's vulnerability is the drastic reduction in its water levels. Persistent droughts and increasing irrigation withdrawals have significantly reduced the lake's surface area and water storage capacity8. The unique bathymetry of the lake, which allows it to split into two smaller lakes, exacerbates its susceptibility to water loss8. Additionally, climate variability has led to strong increasing trends in temperature and decreasing trends in precipitation, further stressing the lake's water resources5.
Socio-Economic Consequences: Livelihoods and Human Security
The shrinking of Lake Chad has profound socio-economic consequences for the communities that depend on it. Reduced access to natural resources such as fertile land, water, and pasture undermines the livelihoods of vulnerable populations, leading to increased poverty and unemployment1 2. The decline in water supply has negatively impacted fishing, farming, and herding activities, outweighing any potential benefits from increased land availability3. This has resulted in slower population growth in areas close to the lake, indicating limited adaptation to the changing environmental conditions3.
Conflict and Security: The Environment-Conflict Nexus
The environmental changes in Lake Chad have also contributed to heightened conflict and insecurity in the region. The reduction in natural resources has triggered recurrent conflicts among communities competing for scarce resources1. The area has become a hotspot for violent conflict and extremist groups, exacerbating the humanitarian crisis2. The environment-conflict nexus in Lake Chad is further complicated by historical antecedents to conflict, inadequate governance, and the proliferation of violent non-state actors10.
Policy and Governance: Challenges and Recommendations
The political discourse surrounding climate security in Lake Chad often reflects a combination of geopolitical, economic, and climate mitigation agendas, sometimes overstating the conflict implications of climate change4. Effective policy responses require a nuanced understanding of the climate-security-resource nexus. Recommendations include joint collaboration among states within the region and international actors to revive and nourish the lake, as well as implementing resilient measures such as employment opportunities and skilled training for the youth and most vulnerable populations2 6.
Conclusion
Lake Chad's vulnerability to climate change is a complex issue involving environmental degradation, socio-economic challenges, and heightened conflict. Addressing this vulnerability requires a comprehensive approach that includes environmental restoration, socio-economic development, and effective governance. By understanding and mitigating the multifaceted impacts of climate change on Lake Chad, it is possible to improve the resilience and security of the affected communities.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Climate Change, Human Insecurity and Conflict Dynamics in the Lake Chad Region
Climate change impacts and reduced access to natural resources in the Lake Chad region contribute to human insecurity and conflict dynamics.
Climate Change and Environmental Conflict in The Lake Chad Region
Climate change and environmental conflicts in the Lake Chad Region contribute to violent conflict and extremist groups, highlighting the need for long-term collaboration and resilience measures for the region's vulnerable populations.
The Effects of Climate Change in the Poorest Countries: Evidence from the Permanent Shrinking of Lake Chad
The permanent shrinking of Lake Chad has led to 6% overall welfare losses in the poorest countries, with negative water supply effects on fishing, farming, and herding outweighing the growth in land supply and other positive effects.
Understanding the Politics of Climate Security Policy Discourse: The Case of the Lake Chad Basin
The Lake Chad Basin climate security narrative is primarily a political construct influenced by questionable epistemic manoeuvres and geopolitical, economic, and climate mitigation agendas.
Analysis of climate variability, trends, and prediction in the most active parts of the Lake Chad basin, Africa
Temperature is expected to increase and precipitation to decrease in the Lake Chad basin, with some regions experiencing a slight decrease in temperature in 2021-2030 due to protected natural resources.
Observational Study
Rigorous Journal
Highly CitedClimate Change, Security, and the Resource Nexus: Case Study of Northern Nigeria and Lake Chad
Climate change impacts Northern Nigeria and Lake Chad, leading to conflict pathways and the need for collaboration and green markets to achieve Sustainable Development Goals.
Lake Chad: Fluctuating Water Level and Its Implications for People’s Livelihood in the Area
The fluctuating water levels of Lake Chad negatively impact people's livelihoods, causing migration, resource-induced conflicts, and loss of biodiversity.
On the causes of the shrinking of Lake Chad
Lake Chad's shrinking is due to persistent droughts, increased irrigation withdrawals, unique bathymetry, and climate variability, with a full recovery unlikely without inter-basin water transfer.
Highly CitedUsing a novel climate–water conflict vulnerability index to capture double exposures in Lake Chad
Pastoralists in Lake Chad are more vulnerable to climate-structured aggressive behavior, while all resource user groups experience similar exposure to climate variability, suggesting that integrated climate adaptation and conflict management strategies can reduce vulnerability.
Observational StudyEnvironment-Conflict Nexus in the Sahel Region: Lake Chad as a Case in Point
Climate change, natural resource instability, and past colonial policies contribute to conflict in Lake Chad, leading to violence, state fragility, communal breakdown, and poverty in surrounding countries.
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