Microplastics
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Microplastics: A Growing Environmental and Health Concern
Definition and Characteristics of Microplastics
Microplastics are small plastic particles, typically less than 5 millimeters in size, that originate from the fragmentation of larger plastic debris or are directly emitted into the environment. These particles are composed of various polymers, including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyester, and polyamides, each with distinct physical and chemical properties2 4. The term "microplastics" was coined in 2004, but there is still no universally accepted definition that encompasses all their characteristics. Researchers are working towards a consensus definition that includes size, origin, and other defining properties2.
Sources and Pathways of Microplastics
Microplastics enter the environment through multiple pathways, including land disposal, wastewater treatment, tire wear, paint degradation, textile washing, and losses at sea. Rivers and atmospheric transport further facilitate their spread into marine environments6 10. Once in the environment, microplastics undergo weathering, biofouling, aggregation, and fragmentation, which can lead to their ingestion by various organisms and redistribution by currents6.
Environmental Impact of Microplastics
Marine Ecosystems
Microplastics pose a significant threat to marine ecosystems. They can be ingested by a wide range of marine organisms, from plankton to larger marine animals, leading to physical harm, reduced nutritional value, and exposure to toxic substances4 7. These particles can absorb and concentrate environmental contaminants, which are then transferred through the food chain, potentially affecting ecological processes and marine biodiversity7.
Terrestrial Ecosystems
While much of the research has focused on marine environments, microplastics also impact terrestrial ecosystems. These particles can interact with soil-dwelling organisms, fungi, and plant-pollinators, potentially disrupting essential ecosystem services and functions9. The widespread presence and persistence of microplastics in terrestrial environments highlight the need for further research to understand their full impact9.
Human Exposure and Health Risks
Humans are exposed to microplastics through various routes, including the consumption of contaminated food and water, and inhalation. A study focusing on the American diet estimated that annual microplastic consumption ranges from 39,000 to 52,000 particles, depending on age and sex. These numbers increase significantly when inhalation is considered, reaching up to 121,000 particles annually1. Additionally, individuals who consume bottled water may ingest significantly more microplastics compared to those who drink tap water1.
Recent research has even detected microplastics in human placentas, raising concerns about potential health risks to developing fetuses. The presence of microplastics in placentas suggests that these particles can cross biological barriers and may have unknown health implications8.
Removal and Mitigation Strategies
Addressing microplastic pollution requires effective removal and mitigation strategies. Current methods include physical sorption and filtration, biological removal through ingestion by organisms, and chemical treatments. Each method has its advantages and drawbacks, and ongoing research aims to improve their efficiency and applicability5. Additionally, developing degradable polymers and additives, reducing plastic consumption, and expanding plastic reuse are crucial steps towards mitigating microplastic pollution6.
Conclusion
Microplastics are a pervasive environmental contaminant with significant ecological and health implications. Their presence in marine and terrestrial ecosystems, as well as their potential impact on human health, underscores the urgent need for comprehensive research and effective mitigation strategies. By understanding the sources, pathways, and effects of microplastics, we can develop better solutions to address this growing environmental challenge.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic
Human Consumption of Microplastics.
Americans consume 39,005 to 52,000 microplastic particles annually, with bottled water sources potentially contributing an additional 90,000 microplastics compared to tap water sources.
Meta-Analysis
Highly CitedMicroplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition.
A new definition for microplastics, considering size, origin, and physical and chemical properties, is proposed to improve research, reporting, and legislative purposes.
Highly CitedThe plastic in microplastics: A review.
Microplastics' characteristics, such as generation, fate, fragmentation, and release of persistent organic pollutants, significantly impact their ecological impacts.
Literature ReviewHighly CitedEffect of microplastics in water and aquatic systems
Microplastics in water and aquatic systems disrupt ecosystems, accumulating harmful pollutants and leaching chemicals, affecting biogenic flora and fauna.
Highly CitedRemoval of microplastics from the environment. A review
Removal methods for microplastics from water and soils are crucial to prevent environmental damage, decrease nutritional value, and exposure to pathogens.
Highly CitedA Global Perspective on Microplastics
Microplastics are a global issue, posing health risks and posing environmental challenges, with solutions including pollution prevention, degradable polymers, and reducing consumption/expanding reuse.
Highly CitedMicroplastic in marine organism: Environmental and toxicological effects.
Microplastics pose a growing threat to marine biota and ecosystems due to their ability to absorb and concentrate environmental contaminants, transfer them through food chains, and influence ecological processes.
Highly CitedPlasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta.
Microplastics, derived from the degradation of plastic objects, were found in human placentas, indicating their potential impact on human health and reproduction.
Rigorous JournalHighly CitedMicroplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems
Microplastic pollution poses a significant global change threat to terrestrial ecosystems due to its widespread presence, environmental persistence, and various interactions with continental biota.
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