What are the symptoms of a urinary tract infection in children?

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Symptoms of Urinary Tract Infection in Children

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in children, presenting with a variety of symptoms that can vary significantly with age. Understanding these symptoms is crucial for prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent potential complications.

Common Symptoms in Infants and Young Children

Unexplained Fever

In infants and children under two years of age, the most prevalent symptom of a UTI is an unexplained fever, often exceeding 39°C . This nonspecific symptom can make diagnosis challenging, as fever is a common symptom for many pediatric conditions.

Nonspecific Symptoms

Infants may also exhibit nonspecific symptoms such as jaundice, vomiting, irritability, failure to thrive, and poor feeding . These symptoms are often subtle and can easily be mistaken for other common pediatric illnesses.

Symptoms in Older Children

Pyelonephritis Symptoms

After the age of two, children with upper urinary tract infections (pyelonephritis) may present with more specific symptoms such as fever, chills, rigor, flank pain, and tenderness at the costovertebral angle . These symptoms indicate a more severe infection that may require more intensive treatment.

Lower Tract Symptoms

For lower urinary tract infections (cystitis), older children may experience symptoms including dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, cloudy or malodorous urine, and suprapubic tenderness . These symptoms are more localized to the bladder and urethra.

Diagnostic Considerations

Urinalysis and Urine Culture

When a UTI is suspected, a urinalysis and urine culture are essential for confirming the diagnosis. These tests help identify the presence of bacteria and guide appropriate antibiotic treatment .

Imaging Studies

In cases of recurrent or atypical UTIs, imaging studies such as renal and bladder ultrasonography may be recommended to identify any underlying anatomical abnormalities .

Conclusion

Recognizing the symptoms of UTIs in children is vital for timely and effective treatment. While infants often present with nonspecific symptoms like unexplained fever, older children may show more localized signs such as dysuria and suprapubic pain. Accurate diagnosis through urinalysis and urine culture, along with appropriate imaging when necessary, ensures proper management and reduces the risk of complications.