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While both MD and DO degrees lead to licensure as a physician, they differ in their educational philosophies, training experiences, and professional perceptions. Understanding these differences is crucial for fostering collaboration and addressing biases within the medical community. As the healthcare landscape continues to evolve, ongoing discussions and research will be essential in bridging gaps and ensuring equitable opportunities for all medical professionals.
In the United States, two primary types of medical degrees qualify individuals to practice medicine: the Doctor of Medicine (MD) and the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). While both degrees require rigorous training and lead to licensure as a physician, there are notable differences in their educational philosophies, training, and perceptions within the medical community.
Educational Philosophies
MD programs follow the allopathic approach to medicine, which focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases primarily through the use of medications, surgery, and other conventional methods. In contrast, DO programs incorporate osteopathic principles, emphasizing a holistic approach to patient care and the body’s musculoskeletal system. Osteopathic medical education includes training in Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT), a hands-on technique used to diagnose, treat, and prevent illness or injury1.
Training and Curriculum
Both MD and DO students undergo similar foundational training in medical sciences and clinical skills. However, there are differences in their clinical experiences. For instance, a study found that MD students matched to OB/GYN residency programs reported longer clerkships and more home sub-internships compared to their DO counterparts. Conversely, DO students reported more hands-on experiences with procedures2. This suggests that while MD programs may offer more structured clinical rotations, DO programs might provide more practical, hands-on training.
Residency and Career Perceptions
The type of medical degree can influence residency selection and career development. A survey of radiology residents revealed that DOs felt their degree type significantly impacted their medical careers and were often advised against pursuing certain specialties like radiology based on their degree1. Additionally, both MD and DO residents perceived a bias in residency selection favoring MDs1. This perception of inequity can affect the confidence and preparedness of DO students entering residency programs2.
Interprofessional Collaboration
Despite the differences in training, collaboration between MD and DO students can positively influence professional relationships and reduce stereotypes. A study examining allopathic-osteopathic collaboration found that mixed MD/DO pairs reported less concern about stereotypes and differences in expectations compared to same-degree pairs. This suggests that interprofessional learning experiences can enhance mutual respect and understanding between the two groups3.
Legal and Professional Challenges
The use of the “MD” title by osteopathic physicians has been a contentious issue. Some osteopaths argue that the term “osteopathy” is less familiar to the public, potentially hindering their professional establishment. Legal cases, such as Maceluch v Wysong, highlight the opposition from state medical boards against osteopaths using the “MD” designation, emphasizing the importance of maintaining clear distinctions between the two degrees4.