Check out this answer from Consensus:

Research indicates that ibuprofen has significant potential in reducing the risk and progression of various cancers through multiple mechanisms beyond COX-2 inhibition. Its regular use is associated with a lower incidence of several malignancies, particularly gastrointestinal cancers. However, the potential side effects of long-term ibuprofen use highlight the need for further studies to develop safer therapeutic strategies.

Ibuprofen, a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has been studied for its potential effects on cancer development and progression. Research has explored its role in cancer prevention, treatment, and the underlying mechanisms involved.

Key Insights

• Cancer Risk Reduction:

  • Long-term use of ibuprofen is associated with a significant decrease in the risk of developing various types of cancer, including colorectal, breast, lung, and prostate cancers1 2 3 5 7.

  • Specific studies have shown that ibuprofen use reduces the risk of colorectal cancer in individuals with Lynch Syndrome and decreases lung cancer mortality among smokers2 9.

• Mechanisms of Action:

  • Ibuprofen's anticancer effects are not solely dependent on COX-2 inhibition but also involve multiple COX-2-independent pathways, including changes in gene expression, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation1 5 6.

  • It affects histone modification, reducing cancer cell stemness properties and inhibiting inflammation-related gene expression6.

• Epidemiological Evidence:

  • Numerous epidemiological studies have consistently shown that regular NSAID use, including ibuprofen, is linked to a lower risk of several malignancies, with stronger effects observed for gastrointestinal cancers3.

  • However, some studies suggest that ibuprofen may not be as effective as aspirin in reducing the risk of prostate cancer4.

• Preclinical and Clinical Studies:

  • Preclinical studies indicate that ibuprofen inhibits tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis in various cancer models, including gastric and colorectal cancers5 7.

  • Ibuprofen has been shown to enhance the effects of standard chemotherapy agents, improving survival rates in animal models7.

• Potential Side Effects:

  • While ibuprofen has promising anticancer properties, its long-term use may lead to side effects such as gastrointestinal injury and cardiovascular risks, necessitating further research to mitigate these adverse effects8.